Standard Odia
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Standard Odia is the prestige form of the Odia language, associated with the coastal region around Cuttack, Puri, and Bhubaneswar but not limited to speakers from those cities тАФ it is generally spoken and understood by literate Odia speakers across the state, and is the form used in literature, newspapers, education, and formal speech. It is treated as distinct from regional dialects such as the southern (Ganjam, Koraput), western (Sambalpuri), and northern (Baleswar) dialects.[1]
Comparative linguistic studies have identified substantial lexical and grammatical differences between Standard Odia and Sambalpuri while noting structural similarities between the varieties.[2]
An early linguistic survey included a list of standard words and sentences labelled "Oriy─Б (Standard of Puri)".[3]
Differences from dialectal forms
[edit]Sentence order
[edit]Standard Odia places the negative particle nahi after the verb, not before it, and places interrogative (question) words at the end of the clause rather than at the beginning.[4]
Negation placement
| Standard (Odia script) | Standard (Roman) | Dialectal (Roman) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| рморнБрмБ рмбрм╛рмХрнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ | mu dake nahi | mu nai dake | I do not call |
Interrogation at the end
| Standard (Odia script) | Standard (Roman) | Dialectal (Roman) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| рмдрнБрморнЗ рмпрм┐рмм рмХрм┐ | tume jiba ki | tume ki jiba | Will you go? |
| рмдрмо рмЬрнАрммрм╛рм░ рмХрнБрмЖрмбрм╝рнЗ | tama jibara kuaade | tama kuaade jiba | Where will you go? |
| рмдрнБрмо рмирм╛рмо рмХрмг | tama naama kana | tama kana naama | What is your name? |
| рмдрнБрмо рмШрм░ рмХрнЗрмЙрмБрмарм┐ | tama ghara keunthi | keunthi tama ghara | Where is your house? |
Schwa retention
[edit]Standard Odia retains the inherent short vowel (schwa) at the middle and end of words, following the spelling closely, whereas many dialectal speakers drop it. This word-final vowel deletion (apocope) is a documented characteristic of dialects such as Sambalpuri.[5]
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| рмнрм▓ (bhala) | рмнрм▓рнН (bhal) | good |
| рммрм╛рмШ (b─Бgha) | рммрм╛рмШрнН (b─Бgh) | tiger |
| рмХрнБрмХрнБрм░ (kukura) | рмХрнБрмХрнБрм░рнН (kukur) | dog |
| рм▓рнЛрмХ (loka) | рм▓рнЛрмХрнН (lok) | people |
| рмЧрмЫ (gacha) | рмЧрмЫрнН (gach) | tree |
| рмлрнБрм▓ (phula) | рмлрнБрм▓рнН (phul) | flower |
| рмнрм╛рмд (bh─Бta) | рмнрм╛рмдрнН (bh─Бt) | rice |
| рмШрм░ (ghara) | рмШрм░рнН (ghar) | house |
Retroflex sound
[edit]Standard Odia retains retroflex consonants (e.g. рмг, рмбрм╝, рмврм╝) that are merged with their dental/alveolar counterparts in some southern and western dialects тАФ for example, pani (рмкрм╛рмгрм┐, "water") with the retroflex рмг in standard usage.[6]
Plural and singular marking
[edit]Sentence and word construction for singular/plural reference varies across Odisha, with regional forms sometimes influenced by neighbouring languages such as Hindi.
Singular marking
[edit]| Suffix | Example (Odia script) | Example (Roman) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -ti | рмХрм▓рмормдрм┐ | kalamati | pen |
| -tiye | рмормирнБрм╖рмдрм┐рмП | manusatiye | man |
Plural marking
[edit]| Suffix | Example (Odia script) | Example (Roman) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -mane | рм▓рнЛрмХрморм╛рмирнЗ | lokam─Бne | people |
| -gura/guri | рмнрм╛рмдрмЧрнБрмбрм╝рм╛, рмлрнБрм▓рмЧрнБрмбрм╝рм┐рмП | bh─Бtaguс╕Н─Б, phulaguс╕Нie | rice / flowers |
Abstract and mass/uncountable nouns generally take no plural marker (e.g. cini "sugar").[7]
Vowel dropping
[edit]In fast or dialectal speech, the middle vowel -i- in verb suffixes is often dropped, while standard usage retains it.[5] Some dialects (western and northern) also drop the final -nti plural verb ending down to -n.
Verb tense paradigm
[edit]
Present tense
[edit]| Tense Form | I | We | You | He/She/It | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | verb + e | verb + u | verb + a | verb + e | verb + anti |
| Present Perfect | verb + ichhi | verb + ichhu | verb + ichha | verb + ichhi | verb + ichhanti |
| Present Continuous | verb + uchhi | verb + uchhu | verb + uchha | verb + uchhi | verb + uchhanti |
Past tense
[edit]| Tense Form | I | We | You | He/She/It | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Past | verb + ili | verb + ilu | verb + ila | verb + ilaa | verb + ile |
| Past Perfect | verb + ithili | verb + ithilu | verb + ithila | verb + ithilaa | verb + ithile |
| Past Continuous | verb + uthili | verb + uthilu | verb + uthila | verb + uthilaa | verb + uthile |
Future tense
[edit]| Tense Form | I | We | You | He/She/It | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Future | ibi | ibu | iba | ibaa | ibe |
| Future Perfect | ithibi | ithibu | ithiba | ithibaa | ithibe |
| Future Continuous | uthibi | uthibu | uthiba | uthibaa | uthibe |
Examples
[edit](Roman transliteration, Odia script, and IPA, drawn from the sentence order, schwa retention, and vowel-dropping points above.)
Verbs
[edit]Singular
[edit]I тАФ рморнБрмБ
[edit]| Tense | Aspect | Positive (Odia / Transliteration) | Negative (Odia / Transliteration) | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнЗ Mu kama kare |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Mu kama kare nah─й |
I do work / I do not do work |
| Continuous | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмЫрм┐ Mu kama karuchhi |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Mu kama karunah─й |
I am doing work / I am not doing work | |
| Perfect | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмЫрм┐ Mu kama karichhi |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Mu kama karinah─й |
I have done work / I have not done work | |
| Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рм┐ Mu kama kali |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рм┐ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Mu kama kali nah─й |
I did work / I did not do work |
| Continuous | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рм▓рм┐ Mu kama karuthili |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рм▓рм┐ Mu kama karunathili |
I was doing work / I was not doing work | |
| Perfect | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рм▓рм┐ Mu kama karithili |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рм▓рм┐ Mu kama kari na thili |
I had done work / I had not done work | |
| Future Tense (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрм┐ Mu kama karibi |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрм┐ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Mu kama karibi nah─й |
I will do work / I will not do work |
| Continuous | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рммрм┐ Mu kama karuthibi |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рммрм┐ Mu kama karunathibi |
I will be doing work / I will not be doing work | |
| Perfect | рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рммрм┐ Mu kama karithibi |
рморнБрмБ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рммрм┐ Mu kama kari na thibi |
I will have done work / I will not have done work |
You тАФ рмдрнБрморнЗ
[edit]| Tense | Aspect | Positive (Odia / Transliteration) | Negative (Odia / Transliteration) | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░ Tume kama kara |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Tume kama kara nah─й |
You do work / You do not do work |
| Continuous | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмЫ Tume kama karucha |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирм╛рм╣рмБ Tume kama karunaha |
You are doing work / You are not doing work | |
| Perfect | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмЫ Tume kama karichha |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмирм╛рм╣рмБ Tume kama karinaha |
You have done work / You have not done work | |
| Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓ Tume kama kala |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Tume kama kala nah─й |
You did work / You did not do work |
| Continuous | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рм▓ Tume kama karuthila |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рм▓ Tume kama karunathila |
You were doing work / You were not doing work | |
| Perfect | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рм▓ Tume kama karithila |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рм▓ Tume kama kari na thila |
You had done work / You had not done work | |
| Future Tense (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмм Tume kama kariba |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмм рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Tume kama kariba nah─й |
You will do work / You will not do work |
| Continuous | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рмм Tume kama karuthiba |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рмм Tume kama karunathiba |
You will be doing work / You will not be doing work | |
| Perfect | рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рмм Tume kama karithiba |
рмдрнБрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рмм Tume kama kari na thiba |
You will have done work / You will not have done work |
He / She / It тАФ рм╕рнЗ / рмПрм╣рм╛
[edit]| Tense | Aspect | Positive (Odia / Transliteration) | Negative (Odia / Transliteration) | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнЗ Se kama kare |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Se kama kare nah─й |
He/She does work / He/She does not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмЫрм┐ Se kama karuchhi |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Se kama karunah─й |
He/She is doing work / He/She is not doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмЫрм┐ Se kama karichhi |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Se kama karinah─й |
He/She has done work / He/She has not done work | |
| Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рм╛ Se kama kala |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рм╛ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Se kama kala nah─й |
He/She did work / He/She did not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рм▓рм╛ Se kama karuthila |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рм▓рм╛ Se kama karunathila |
He/She was doing work / He/She was not doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рм▓рм╛ Se kama karithila |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рм▓рм╛ Se kama kari na thila |
He/She had done work / He/She had not done work | |
| Future Tense (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмм Se kama kariba |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмм рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Se kama kariba nah─й |
He/She will do work / He/She will not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рмм Se kama karuthiba |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рмм Se kama karunathiba |
He/She will be doing work / He/She will not be doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рмм Se kama karithiba |
рм╕рнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рмм Se kama kari na thiba |
He/She will have done work / He/She will not have done work |
Plural
[edit]We тАФ рмЖрморнЗ
[edit]| Tense | Aspect | Positive (Odia / Transliteration) | Negative (Odia / Transliteration) | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБ Ame kama karu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Ame kama karu nah─й |
We do work / We do not do work |
| Continuous | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмЫрнБ Ame kama karuchhu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирм╛рм╣рнБрмБ Ame kama karunah┼й |
We are doing work / We are not doing work | |
| Perfect | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмЫрнБ Ame kama karichhu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмирм╛рм╣рнБрмБ Ame kama karinah┼й |
We have done work / We have not done work | |
| Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рнБ Ame kama kalu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рнБ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Ame kama kalu nah─й |
We did work / We did not do work |
| Continuous | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рм▓рнБ Ame kama karuthilu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рм▓рнБ Ame kama karunathilu |
We were doing work / We were not doing work | |
| Perfect | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рм▓рнБ Ame kama karithilu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рм▓рнБ Ame kama kari na thilu |
We had done work / We had not done work | |
| Future Tense (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрнБ Ame kama karibu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрнБ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Ame kama karibu nah─й |
We will do work / We will not do work |
| Continuous | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рммрнБ Ame kama karuthibu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рммрнБ Ame kama karunathibu |
We will be doing work / We will not be doing work | |
| Perfect | рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рммрнБ Ame kama karithibu |
рмЖрморнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рммрнБ Ame kama kari na thibu |
We will have done work / We will not have done work |
They тАФ рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ
[edit]| Tense | Aspect | Positive (Odia / Transliteration) | Negative (Odia / Transliteration) | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рмирнНрмдрм┐ Semane kama karanti |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рмирнНрмдрм┐ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Semane kama karanti nah─й |
They do work / They do not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмЫрмирнНрмдрм┐ Semane kama karuchhanti |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирм╛рм╣рм╛рмирнНрмдрм┐ Semane kama karunahanti |
They are doing work / They are not doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмЫрмирнНрмдрм┐ Semane kama karichhanti |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмирм╛рм╣рм╛рмирнНрмдрм┐ Semane kama karinahaanti |
They have done work / They have not done work | |
| Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рнЗ Semane kama kale |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм▓рнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Semane kama kale nah─й |
They did work / They did not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рм▓рнЗ Semane kama karuthile |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рм▓рнЗ Semane kama karunathile |
They were doing work / They were not doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рм▓рнЗ Semane kama karithile |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рм▓рнЗ Semane kama kari na thile |
They had done work / They had not done work | |
| Future Tense (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│) | Simple | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрнЗ Semane kama karibe |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рммрнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБ Semane kama karibe nah─й |
They will do work / They will not do work |
| Continuous | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмерм┐рммрнЗ Semane kama karuthibe |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рнБрмирмерм┐рммрнЗ Semane kama karunathibe |
They will be doing work / They will not be doing work | |
| Perfect | рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐рмерм┐рммрнЗ Semane kama karithibe |
рм╕рнЗрморм╛рмирнЗ рмХрм╛рмо рмХрм░рм┐ рми рмерм┐рммрнЗ Semane kama kari na thibe |
They will have done work / They will not have done work |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- тЖС Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. Arbeiten des Seminars f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. Vol.┬а17. Z├╝rich: Seminar f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. ┬з 1.2. ISBN┬а3-9521010-9-5.
- тЖС Behera, P.; Dash, B.; Pattanayak, D. P. (2021). "An Exploratory Study of Lexico-syntactic Variations in Sambalpuri and Odia". Indian Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 50 (1).
- тЖС Grierson, George A. (1903). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. V. Indo-Aryan Family. Eastern Group. Part II. Specimens of the Bih─Бr─л and Oriy─Б Languages. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp.┬а441тАУ449.
- тЖС Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. Arbeiten des Seminars f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. Vol.┬а17. Z├╝rich: Seminar f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. ┬з 6.4.1. ISBN┬а3-9521010-9-5.
- 1 2 3 Dash, Suhasini; Morey, Dipak Tryambak. "Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri: Optimality Theoretic Approach". Language in India: 318тАУ328.
- тЖС Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. Arbeiten des Seminars f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. Vol.┬а17. Z├╝rich: Seminar f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. ┬з 2.3. ISBN┬а3-9521010-9-5.
- тЖС Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. Arbeiten des Seminars f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. Vol.┬а17. Z├╝rich: Seminar f├╝r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universit├дt Z├╝rich. ┬з 3.1.3. ISBN┬а3-9521010-9-5.
