Peking
See also: Péking
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1] The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s. (Note that Peking is not derived from Wade-Giles romanization- see Pei-ching and Peiching.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /piːˈkɪŋ/,[2][3][4] /peɪ.ˈkɪŋ/[2][3] /pɛ.ˈkɪŋ/
- enPR: pēʹkǐngʹ, pāʹkǐngʹ, peʹkǐngʹ
Audio (Southern England): (file) - Rhymes: -ɪŋ
- Hyphenation: Pe‧king
Proper noun
[edit]Peking
- Dated form of Beijing: a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.
- 1655, The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China[12], page 273:
- The Emperour hearing of the ill ſucceſſe of this Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is ſituated, and to paſſe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was diſſwaded from this intended courſe as well by his loyal, as diſloyal ſubjec͡ts : by theſe, that they might give him up more ſpeedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was diſcovered; and by the others, leſt his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and diſcourage all his Subjec͡ts from giving their beſt aſſiſtance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with ſo ſtrong a Garriſon; nor did they doubt that the Kings preſence would draw the ſources of the whole Kingdom to him.
- 1972 February 20, President Richard Nixon, 15:48 from the start, in Nixon in China (The Film)[13], Agana, Guam: Richard Nixon Presidential Library:
- This is not a time for a long speech but, I would not want this opportunity to pass without saying just a word with regard to the significance of this moment. Some of you may recall that it was two and a half years ago that right here in Guam, I announced a new direction for American foreign policy based on the principles of self-reliance, self-respect- equal dignity for all nations, large and small throughout the world. And tomorrow, I will take off from Guam for Shanghai and Peking, the first President of the United States ever to visit China. Guam, I know it is said, is where the American day begins. And I would hope that all of you today would join me in this prayer, that with this trip to China, a new day may begin for the whole world. Thank you very much.
- 2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal (Opinion section)[15], New York, N.Y.: Dow Jones & Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 4 May 2023:
- Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Peking.
- (metonymic) Dated form of Beijing: the government of the People's Republic of China; the central leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Peking.
Usage notes
[edit]- Cultural terms using Peking such as Peking duck and Peking opera are the standard English language forms. However, as a reference to the city itself, Peking, though common in English into the 1980s,[5] is less common than the pinyin-derived Beijing in standard English and is perceived to be dated or historical. The adjectival form Pekingese is more common than the more recently generated terms Beijingese and Beijinger.
Coordinate terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]Beijing — see Beijing
References
[edit]- ^ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919[1], Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →ISBN, page 52
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “Peking”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 “Peking”, in Merriam-Webster Online, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1996–present.
- ^ “Peking”, in Collins English Dictionary, 2011–present.
- ^ “Peking,Beijing”, in Google Books Ngram Viewer.
Further reading
[edit]- “Peking, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- “Peking”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- “Peking”, in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2026.
- Medhurst, Walter Henry (1848), English and Chinese Dictionary[16], volume 2, Shanghae (Shanghai): Mission Press, →OCLC, page 939
- Medhurst, Walter Henry (1842), Chinese and English Dictionary; Containing All the Words in the Chinese Imperial Dictionary, Arranged According to the Radicals[17], volume 1, Parapattan, Batavia (Jakarta), page 6
Anagrams
[edit]Czech
[edit]
Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking m inan (relational adjective pekingský, demonym Pekiňan)
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
Declension
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “Peking”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
- “Peking”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
- “Peking”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026
Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1] Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, English Peking, French Pékin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking n
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
References
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈpekiŋ/, [ˈpe̞k̟iŋ]
- Rhymes: -ekiŋ
- Syllabification(key): Pe‧king
- Hyphenation(key): Pe‧king
Proper noun
[edit]Peking
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of Peking (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | Peking | — | |
| genitive | Pekingin | — | |
| partitive | Pekingiä | — | |
| illative | Pekingiin | — | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | Peking | — | |
| accusative | nom. | Peking | — |
| gen. | Pekingin | ||
| genitive | Pekingin | — | |
| partitive | Pekingiä | — | |
| inessive | Pekingissä | — | |
| elative | Pekingistä | — | |
| illative | Pekingiin | — | |
| adessive | Pekingillä | — | |
| ablative | Pekingiltä | — | |
| allative | Pekingille | — | |
| essive | Pekinginä | — | |
| translative | Pekingiksi | — | |
| abessive | Pekingittä | — | |
| instructive | — | — | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of Peking (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1] Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking n (proper noun, genitive Pekings or (optionally with an article) Peking)
- Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
- Synonym: (uncommon) Beijing
- 2023 December 15, Fabian Kretschmer, “Zwangsarbeitsvorwürfe gegen Volkswagen: Zweifel an VW-Bericht zu Uiguren”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz[18], Berlin: taz, die tageszeitung Verlagsgenossenschaft eG, →ISSN, archived from the original on 22 October 2026:
- Tatsächlich jedoch dürfte vor allem die Angst vor der chinesischen Regierung überwiegen: Ein Rückzug von VW aus Xinjiang würde für Peking schließlich einen tiefen Gesichtsverlust darstellen.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes
[edit]- In German, Peking remains the vastly predominant form of the name in all contexts (except perhaps sinologist literature and the like).[2]
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The Politics of Language in Chinese Education, 1895–1919[5], Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, →ISBN, page 52
- ^ “Beijing, Peking”, in Google Books Ngram Viewer.
Further reading
[edit]- “Peking” in Duden online
Peking on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia de
Hungarian
[edit]
Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
- Synonym: Beijing
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Peking | — |
| accusative | Pekinget | — |
| dative | Pekingnek | — |
| instrumental | Pekinggel | — |
| causal-final | Pekingért | — |
| translative | Pekinggé | — |
| terminative | Pekingig | — |
| essive-formal | Pekingként | — |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | Pekingben | — |
| superessive | Pekingen | — |
| adessive | Pekingnél | — |
| illative | Pekingbe | — |
| sublative | Pekingre | — |
| allative | Pekinghez | — |
| elative | Pekingből | — |
| delative | Pekingről | — |
| ablative | Pekingtől | — |
| non-attributive possessive – singular |
Pekingé | — |
| non-attributive possessive – plural |
Pekingéi | — |
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person sing. | Pekingem | — |
| 2nd person sing. | Pekinged | — |
| 3rd person sing. | Pekingje | — |
| 1st person plural | Pekingünk | — |
| 2nd person plural | Pekingetek | — |
| 3rd person plural | Pekingjük | — |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]Interlingua
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking
- Peking (the former name of Beijing, a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Pèking m animacy unspecified (Cyrillic spelling Пѐкинг)
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
Declension
[edit]Declension of Peking
References
[edit]Slovak
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Peking m inan (genitive singular Pekingu)
References
[edit]- “Peking”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026
Slovene
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Pêking m inan
Declension
[edit] |
The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks. |
| Masculine inan., hard o-stem | ||
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Péking | |
| genitive | Pékinga | |
| singular | ||
| nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
Péking | |
| genitive (rodȋlnik) |
Pékinga | |
| dative (dajȃlnik) |
Pékingu | |
| accusative (tožȋlnik) |
Péking | |
| locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
Pékingu | |
| instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
Pékingom | |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “Peking”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
- “Peking”, in Termania, Amebis
- See also the general references
Swedish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1]
Proper noun
[edit]Peking n (genitive Pekings)
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
- (slang, humorous) a nickname for the city of Norrköping
References
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Tagalog
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from English Peking, from an old romanization of Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of [k] to [t͡ɕ].[1] Compare Spanish Pekín, Portuguese Pequim.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /ˈpekiŋ/ [ˈpɛː.x̠ɪŋ]
- Rhymes: -ekiŋ
- Syllabification: Pe‧king
Proper noun
[edit]Peking (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜃᜒᜅ᜔)
- Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “Peking”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018
- Medhurst, Walter Henry (1848), English and Chinese Dictionary[19], volume 2, Shanghae (Shanghai): Mission Press, →OCLC, page 939
- Medhurst, Walter Henry (1842), Chinese and English Dictionary; Containing All the Words in the Chinese Imperial Dictionary, Arranged According to the Radicals[20], volume 1, Parapattan, Batavia (Jakarta), page 6
Categories:
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- English terms borrowed from Chinese
- English terms derived from Chinese
- English terms borrowed from Postal Romanization
- English terms derived from Postal Romanization
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɪŋ
- Rhymes:English/ɪŋ/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English proper nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- English dated forms
- en:Dated forms of places
- en:Beijing
- en:Municipalities of China
- en:Cities in China
- en:National capitals
- en:Places in China
- English terms with quotations
- English metonyms
- Czech terms derived from Mandarin
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech proper nouns
- Czech masculine nouns
- Czech inanimate nouns
- cs:Beijing
- cs:Municipalities of China
- cs:Cities in China
- cs:National capitals
- cs:Places in China
- Czech uncountable nouns
- Czech masculine inanimate nouns
- Czech velar-stem masculine inanimate nouns
- Dutch terms borrowed from Mandarin
- Dutch terms derived from Mandarin
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch proper nouns
- Dutch neuter nouns
- nl:Beijing
- nl:Municipalities of China
- nl:Cities in China
- nl:National capitals
- nl:Places in China
- Finnish terms derived from Mandarin
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ekiŋ
- Rhymes:Finnish/ekiŋ/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish proper nouns
- fi:Beijing
- fi:Municipalities of China
- fi:Cities in China
- fi:National capitals
- fi:Places in China
- Finnish risti-type nominals
- Finnish uncountable nouns
- German terms derived from Mandarin
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German proper nouns
- German neuter nouns
- de:Beijing
- de:Municipalities of China
- de:Cities in China
- de:National capitals
- de:Places in China
- German terms with quotations
- Hungarian terms derived from Mandarin
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/iŋɡ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/iŋɡ/2 syllables
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian proper nouns
- hu:Beijing
- hu:Municipalities of China
- hu:Cities in China
- hu:National capitals
- hu:Places in China
- Interlingua lemmas
- Interlingua proper nouns
- ia:Municipalities of China
- ia:Cities in China
- ia:National capitals
- ia:Places in China
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Mandarin
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian proper nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns
- sh:Beijing
- sh:Municipalities of China
- sh:Cities in China
- sh:National capitals
- sh:Places in China
- Slovak terms derived from Mandarin
- Slovak 2-syllable words
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Slovak/ekink
- Rhymes:Slovak/ekink/2 syllables
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak proper nouns
- Slovak masculine nouns
- Slovak inanimate nouns
- sk:Beijing
- sk:Cities in China
- sk:National capitals
- sk:Places in China
- Slovene terms derived from Mandarin
- Slovene 2-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovene lemmas
- Slovene proper nouns
- Slovene masculine inanimate nouns
- Slovene masculine nouns
- Slovene inanimate nouns
- sl:Beijing
- sl:Cities in China
- sl:National capitals
- sl:Places in China
- Slovene masculine hard o-stem nouns
- Swedish terms derived from Mandarin
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish proper nouns
- Swedish neuter nouns
- sv:Beijing
- sv:Municipalities of China
- sv:Cities in China
- sv:National capitals
- sv:Places in China
- Swedish slang
- Swedish humorous terms
- sv:Nicknames for cities
- Tagalog terms borrowed from English
- Tagalog terms derived from English
- Tagalog terms derived from Mandarin
- Tagalog terms borrowed from Postal Romanization
- Tagalog terms derived from Postal Romanization
- Tagalog 2-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Tagalog/ekiŋ
- Rhymes:Tagalog/ekiŋ/2 syllables
- Tagalog terms with malumay pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog proper nouns
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- tl:Beijing
- tl:Municipalities of China
- tl:Cities in China
- tl:National capitals
- tl:Places in China
