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ber-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ber"

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay ber-, from Classical Malay ber-, from Old Malay bar-, denasalised from earlier Old Malay mar- (compare Old Malay [script needed] (ni-) → di-), from Proto-Malayic *mAr-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀ-, from Proto-Austronesian *maʀ-. Cognate with Tagalog mag-, Cebuano mag-, Simalungun Batak mar-, Toba Batak mar-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bər/

Prefix

ber- (verb base)

(intransitive) -ing, used to form the continuative aspect of some verbs
‎ber- + ‎pikir (“to think”) → ‎berpikir (“thinking”)

‎ber- + ‎renang (“to swim”) → ‎berenang (“swimming”)
(intransitive) used to form dynamic verb of some transitive verbs
‎ber- + ‎ubah (“to change”) → ‎berubah (“to change (to become something different)”)
(intransitive, reflexive) to do something to the self
‎ber- + ‎hias (“dressing”) → ‎berhias (“self-dressing”)

ber- (noun base)

to have; -ed, -d
‎ber- + ‎atap (“roof”) → ‎beratap (“roofed”)

‎ber- + ‎baju (“clothes”) → ‎berbaju (“clothed”)

‎ber- + ‎adik (“younger sibling”) → ‎beradik (“profess as someone younger sibling”)
to produce [base]
‎ber- + ‎telur (“egg”) → ‎bertelur (“to produce egg”)
to use [base], to wear [base], to travel by [base]
‎ber- + ‎sepatu (“shoes”) → ‎bersepatu (“to wear shoes”)
to work, to engage in the [base]
‎ber- + ‎tani (“farming”) → ‎bertani (“to farm”)
(intransitive, reciprocal) to do [base] in reciprocal situation
‎ber- + ‎tinju (“boxing, hit”) → ‎bertinju (“to hit each other”)

‎ber- + ‎teman (“friend”) → ‎berteman (“to be friends with each other”)
(intransitive) duration and length
‎ber- + ‎jam (“hour”) → ‎berjam-jam (“hours”)

‎ber- + ‎meter (“metre”) → ‎bermeter-meter (“metres”)

ber- (adjective base)

(intransitive, stative) used to form stative verbs
‎ber- + ‎gembira (“happy”) → ‎bergembira (“to be in happiness (to rejoice)”)

‎ber- + ‎sedih (“sad”) → ‎bersedih (“to be in sadness”)

ber- (numeral base)

multiple
‎ber- + ‎tiga (“three”) → ‎bertiga (“triple”)
together in a group of [base]
‎ber- + ‎tiga (“three”) → ‎bertiga (“in group of three”)
(acting) in a number of groups of [base] at a time
‎ber- + ‎tiga (“three”) → ‎bertiga-tiga (“three at a time, three by three”)

Alternative forms

be- used in word with initial /r/ or word with final /-ər.C-/ in first syllable
bel- only used in the word ajar and unjur

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with ber-

berbaring-baring

berbayang-bayang

berdiferensiasi

berkarton-karton

berkesinambungan

berongga-rongga

bertanda tangan

bertangki-tangki

berbidang-bidang

Further reading

“ber-”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Alternative forms

bŭr- (KPAK)

Etymology

Inherited from Classical Malay ber-, from Old Malay bar-, denasalised from earlier Old Malay mar- (compare Old Malay [script needed] (ni-) → di-), from Proto-Malayic *mAr-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀ-, from Proto-Austronesian *maʀ-. Cognate with Tagalog mag-, Cebuano mag-, Simalungun Batak mar-, Toba Batak mar-.

Pronunciation

(with vowel-intial base)
- (schwa-variety, Literary Standard) IPA^(key): [be.r-]
(with consonant-intial base)
- (schwa-variety) IPA^(key): [be(r)-]
- (Literary Standard) IPA^(key): [ber-]
Hyphenation: ber-

Prefix

ber- (verb base)

(intransitive) -ing, used to form the continuative aspect of some verbs
‎ber- + ‎fikir (“to think”) → ‎berfikir (“thinking”)

‎ber- + ‎renang (“to swim”) → ‎berenang (“swimming”)
(intransitive) used to form dynamic verb of some transitive verbs
‎ber- + ‎ubah (“to change”) → ‎berubah (“to change (to become something different)”)
(intransitive, reflexive) to do something to the self.
‎ber- + ‎hias (“dressing”) → ‎berhias (“self-dressing”)
(intransitive) alternative form of di-
‎ber- + ‎terima (“to accept”) → ‎berterima (“to be accepted”)

ber- (noun base)

to have; -ed, -d
‎ber- + ‎atap (“roof”) → ‎beratap (“roofed”)

‎ber- + ‎baju (“clothes”) → ‎berbaju (“clothed”)

‎ber- + ‎adik (“younger sibling”) → ‎beradik (“profess as someone younger sibling”)
to produce [base]
‎ber- + ‎telur (“egg”) → ‎bertelur (“to produce egg”)
to use [base], to wear [base], to travel by [base]
‎ber- + ‎kasut (“shoes”) → ‎berkasut (“to wear shoes”)
to work, to engage in the [base].
‎ber- + ‎tani (“farming”) → ‎bertani (“to farm”)
(intransitive, reciprocal) to do [base] in reciprocal situation.
‎ber- + ‎lawan (“fighting”) → ‎berlawan (“to fight each other”)

‎ber- + ‎kawan (“friend”) → ‎berkawan (“to be friends with each other”)

ber- (adjective base)

(intransitive, stative) used to form stative verbs
‎ber- + ‎gembira (“happy”) → ‎bergembira (“to be in happiness (to rejoice)”)

‎ber- + ‎sedih (“sad”) → ‎bersedih (“to be in sadness”)

ber- (numeral base)

multiple
‎ber- + ‎tiga (“three”) → ‎bertiga (“triple”)

Alternative forms

be- used in words with initial /r/ in the first syllable and kerja
bel- only used in the words ajar and unjur

Derived terms

Malay terms prefixed with ber-

berbayang-bayang

berdiskriminasi

berjawatankuasa

berkeras kepala

berbincang-bincang

bertransformasi

Descendants

Indonesian: ber-
North Moluccan Malay: ba-
→ Tausug: bal-

Further reading

"ber-" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
(also see "ber-" at PRPM first version)

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