dever

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dever"

Cornish

Etymology

From Old French devoir (presumably via a Middle English form), from Latin dēbēre.

Noun

dever m (plural deverow)

1. duty

Mutation

Mutation of dever

radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
dever	dhever	unchanged	tever	tever

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• “dever” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

Galician

Verb

dever (first-person singular present devo, first-person singular preterite devim or devi, past participle devido, reintegrationist norm)

1. reintegrationist spelling of deber

Conjugation

    Reintegrated conjugation of dever (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	dever
Personal	dever	deveres	dever	devermos	deverdes	deverem
Gerund
	devendo
Past participle
Masculine	devido			devidos
Feminine	devida			devidas
Indicative
Present	devo	deves	deve	devemos	devedes, deveis	devem
Imperfect	devia	devias	devia	devíamos	devíades, devíeis, devíais1	deviam
Preterite	devim, devi	deveste, deveche1	deveu	devemos	devestes	devêrom, deveram
Pluperfect	devera	deveras	devera	devêramos	devêrades, devêreis, devêrais1	deveram
Future	deverei	deverás	deverá	deveremos	deveredes, devereis	deverám, deverão
Conditional	deveria	deverias	deveria	deveríamos	deveríades, deveríeis, deveríais1	deveriam
Subjunctive
Present	deva	devas	deva	devamos	devades, devais	devam
Imperfect	devesse	devesses	devesse	devêssemos	devêssedes, devêsseis	devessem
Future	dever	deveres	dever	devermos	deverdes	deverem
Imperative
Affirmative		deve	deva	devamos	devede, devei	devam
Negative (nom)		nom devas	nom deva	nom devamos	nom devades, nom devais	nom devam

¹Less recommended.

References

• “dever”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish dever, from Latin debeo, debere.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deˈver/

Verb

dever

1. to have to
2. should
3. must
   • 2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom‎^[1], archived from the original on 29 January 2020:

     Devemos de akodrar i azer akodrar de este kavzo, ke se finalizo kon 11 milyones de viktimas entre eyos 6 milyones de djudios, para luchar kontra el antisemitizmo i el rasizmo.

     We must remember and make others remember this event that ended with 11 million victims, among them 6 million Jews, to fight antisemitism and racism.

Noun

dever m

1. duty
   • 2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom‎^[2], archived from the original on 29 January 2020:

     Ija de imigrantes djudios rusos ke aviyan sufriyido del aborresimyento i del antisemitizmo, se sintyo ke el aktivizmo sovre este sujeto era su dever.

     The daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants who had suffered from hatred and from antisemitism, she felt that activism on this subject was her duty.

Northern Kurdish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɛˈvɛɾ/
• Rhymes: -ɛɾ

Noun

dever f (Arabic spelling دەۊەر)

1. place, spot
2. region, area

See also

• dews
• der

References

• Chyet, Michael L. (2003), “dever”, in Kurdish–English Dictionary‎^[3], with selected etymologies by Martin Schwartz, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, page 143

Occitan

Alternative forms

• deure

Etymology

From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin dēbēre (“to owe”).

Pronunciation

• Audio (Béarn):

  (file)

Verb

dever

1. (Gascony, Provençal, Limousin, Vivaro-alpine) to have to
2. to owe

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		dever			aver degut
gerund		devent			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		degut			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	devi	deves	deu	devèm	devètz	devon
	imperfect	deviái	deviás	deviá	deviam	deviatz	devián
	preterite	deguèri	deguères	deguèt	deguèrem	deguèretz	deguèron
	future	deurai	deuràs	deurà	deurem	deuretz	deuràn
	conditional	deuriái	deuriás	deuriá	deuriam	deuriatz	deurián
	conditional 2nd form1
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	dega	degas	dega	degam	degatz	degan
	imperfect	deguèsse	deguèsses	deguèsse	deguèssem	deguèssetz	deguèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			deu		degam	devètz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Noun

dever m (plural devers)

1. duty, obligation

   Synonym: obligacion

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Latin dē-

Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti

Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₁bʰéh₁yeti

Proto-Italic *haβēō

Latin habeō

Latin dēbēre

Old Galician-Portuguese dever

Inherited from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to must”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deˈβeɾ/
• Rhymes: -eɾ

Verb

dever

1. (transitive, intransitive) must; to have to

Descendants

• Fala: debel
• Galician: deber
• Portuguese: dever

Further reading

• Universo Cantigas - "dever"

Old Leonese

Alternative forms

• deuer

Etymology

Inherited from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to must”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /deˈβeɾ/

Verb

dever

1. (transitive, intransitive) must; to have to
   • 1017, Fuero de León:

     Nenguna muyer que uiuir en Leom non deue ser trayda a finir el pan del Rey sem so grado, senom fur sua sierua.

     No woman who lived in Leon should be brought to prepare the King's bread without his consent, unless she is a servant.

   • 1243, Arriendo de Nora a Nora:

     t dizemos que todo ome que uenga morar entre nos dientro la alfoz de Nora a nora. deue fazer el foro

     and we say that every man who comes to live among us within the territory of Nora to Nora, must make the forum

   • 1247, Fuero de Campumanes‎^[4]:

     que cada uno de uso deuedes a dar cada uno anno al Obispo de Sant Saluador

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1275, "Piece of a testament"‎^[5]:

     E mando que quanto en este testamento sie scripto que vala rodo e cada uno dello por cualquier guisa que testamento deue valer

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. to owe
   • 1275, "Piece of a testament"‎^[6]:

     Et esto ye lo que yo devo a Thomas Perez 411 mar. de blancos. Et esto ye al que devo a auer de mios prestamos e otras debdas e otras cosas que tengo en mia casa sont duas collechas

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1282, "Pact between Oviedo and Avilés":

     saluo las deuedas que nuestros vezinos se deuen unos aotros que sse deuen pagar

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

• Asturian: deber
• Leonese: debere
• Mirandese: deber

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Indo-European *-h₁

Proto-Indo-European *déh₁

Proto-Italic *dē

Latin dē

Latin dē-

Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti

Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₁bʰéh₁yeti

Proto-Italic *haβēō

Latin habeō

Latin dēbēre

Old Galician-Portuguese dever

Portuguese dever

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese dever, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to must”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /deˈve(ʁ)/ [deˈve(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /deˈve(ʁ)/ [deˈve(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /deˈve(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /deˈve(ʁ)/ [deˈve(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /deˈve(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈveɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈveɾ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈbeɾ/ [dɨˈβeɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈve.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: de‧ver

Verb

dever (first-person singular present devo, first-person singular preterite devi, past participle devido)

1. should (indicates that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory)
2. ought (indicates that the subject of the sentence has some obligation to execute the sentence predicate.)
3. will likely (indicates that the subject of the sentence is likely to execute the sentence predicate.)

   Deve chover.

   (It looks like) it's going to rain.

4. owe (to be in debt.)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of dever (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	dever
Personal	dever	deveres	dever	devermos	deverdes	deverem
Gerund
	devendo
Past participle
Masculine	devido			devidos
Feminine	devida			devidas
Indicative
Present	devo	deves	deve	devemos	deveis	devem
Imperfect	devia	devias	devia	devíamos	devíeis	deviam
Preterite	devi	deveste	deveu	devemos	devestes	deveram
Pluperfect	devera	deveras	devera	devêramos	devêreis	deveram
Future	deverei	deverás	deverá	deveremos	devereis	deverão
Conditional	deveria	deverias	deveria	deveríamos	deveríeis	deveriam
Subjunctive
Present	deva	devas	deva	devamos	devais	devam
Imperfect	devesse	devesses	devesse	devêssemos	devêsseis	devessem
Future	dever	deveres	dever	devermos	deverdes	deverem
Imperative
Affirmative		deve	deva	devamos	devei	devam
Negative (não)		não devas	não deva	não devamos	não devais	não devam

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:dever.

Descendants

• → Makalero: deue (“debt, to borrow”)
• → Nheengatu: deveri

Etymology 2

Nominalization of Etymology 1.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /deˈveʁ/ [deˈveh]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /deˈveʁ/ [deˈveh]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /deˈveɾ/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /deˈveʁ/ [deˈveχ]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /deˈveɻ/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈveɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈveɾ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈbeɾ/ [dɨˈβeɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨˈve.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: de‧ver

Noun

dever m (plural deveres)

1. duty (that which one is morally or legally obligated to do)
2. (in the plural, dated) homework

   Synonyms: trabalho de casa, TPC

   Já fizeste os teus deveres?

   Have you done your homework yet?

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:dever.

Further reading

• “dever”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “dever”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romanian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish دور (devir), from Arabic دَوْر (dawr).

Noun

dever n (uncountable)

1. total sales

Declension

singular only	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	dever	deverul
genitive-dative	dever	deverului
vocative	deverule

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Bulgarian девер (dever), from Proto-Slavic *dě̀verь.

Noun

dever m (plural deveri)

1. (regional) in the country, a boy who welcomes the guests and serves them dishes at traditional weddings and also leads the wedding processional; (through extension) a person accompanying the bride

   Synonym: vornicel

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	dever	deverul	deveri	deverii
genitive-dative	dever	deverului	deveri	deverilor
vocative	deverule		deverilor

Alternative forms

• diavor, deavur, gheaver

References

• “dever”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2026

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• djȅver (Ijekavian)
• dȉver (Ikavian)
• đȅver (Montenegro)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *děverь, from Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂wḗr. Compare Russian деверь (deverʹ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dêʋer/
• Hyphenation: de‧ver

Noun

dȅver m anim (Cyrillic spelling де̏вер) (Ekavian)

1. brother-in-law (one's husband's brother)

Declension

Declension of dever

	singular	plural
nominative	dever	deveri
genitive	devera	devera
dative	deveru	deverima
accusative	devera	devere
vocative	deveru	deveri
locative	deveru	deverima
instrumental	deverom	deverima

Further reading

• “dever”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Spanish

Verb

dever (first-person singular present devo, first-person singular preterite deví, past participle devido)

1. obsolete spelling of deber

Conjugation

    Conjugation of dever (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			dever
gerund			deviendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		devido		devida
		plural		devidos		devidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	devo	devestú devésvos	deve	devemos	devéis	deven
	imperfect	devía	devías	devía	devíamos	devíais	devían
	preterite	deví	deviste	devió	devimos	devisteis	devieron
	future	deveré	deverás	deverá	deveremos	deveréis	deverán
	conditional	devería	deverías	devería	deveríamos	deveríais	deverían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	deva	devastú devásvos2	deva	devamos	deváis	devan
	imperfect (ra)	deviera	devieras	deviera	deviéramos	devierais	devieran
	imperfect (se)	deviese	devieses	deviese	deviésemos	devieseis	deviesen
	future1	deviere	devieres	deviere	deviéremos	deviereis	devieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		devetú devévos	deva	devamos	deved	devan
	negative		no devas	no deva	no devamos	no deváis	no devan

¹Rare; now chiefly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tuteo-form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of dever

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive dever	dative	deverme	deverte	deverle, deverse	devernos	deveros	deverles, deverse
	accusative	deverme	deverte	deverlo, deverla, deverse	devernos	deveros	deverlos, deverlas, deverse
with gerund deviendo	dative	deviéndome	deviéndote	deviéndole, deviéndose	deviéndonos	deviéndoos	deviéndoles, deviéndose
	accusative	deviéndome	deviéndote	deviéndolo, deviéndola, deviéndose	deviéndonos	deviéndoos	deviéndolos, deviéndolas, deviéndose
with informal second-person singular tuteo imperative deve	dative	déveme	dévete	dévele	dévenos	not used	déveles
	accusative	déveme	dévete	dévelo, dévela	dévenos	not used	dévelos, dévelas
with informal second-person singular voseo imperative devé	dative	deveme	devete	devele	devenos	not used	develes
	accusative	deveme	devete	develo, devela	devenos	not used	develos, develas
with formal second-person singular imperative deva	dative	dévame	not used	dévale, dévase	dévanos	not used	dévales
	accusative	dévame	not used	dévalo, dévala, dévase	dévanos	not used	dévalos, dévalas
with first-person plural imperative devamos	dative	not used	devámoste	devámosle	devámonos	devámoos	devámosles
	accusative	not used	devámoste	devámoslo, devámosla	devámonos	devámoos	devámoslos, devámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative deved	dative	devedme	not used	devedle	devednos	deveos	devedles
	accusative	devedme	not used	devedlo, devedla	devednos	deveos	devedlos, devedlas
with formal second-person plural imperative devan	dative	dévanme	not used	dévanle	dévannos	not used	dévanles, dévanse
	accusative	dévanme	not used	dévanlo, dévanla	dévannos	not used	dévanlos, dévanlas, dévanse