og

See also: Appendix:Variations of "og"

English

Noun

og (plural ogs)

1. Initialism of own goal.

Anagrams

• -go-, G.O., GO, Go, Goα, g'ô, go

Cebuano

Alternative forms

• ug
• -g — contraction, appended to the preceding word

Etymology

Standardized form of ug when not used as a coordinating conjunction (i.e., "and").

Pronunciation

• (Standard Cebuano) IPA^(key): /ʔuɡ/ [ʔoɡ]
• Rhymes: -uɡ
• Syllabification: og

Particle

og (Badlit spelling ᜂᜄ᜔)

1. indirect case marker for indefinite nouns except for personal names

   Coordinate term: sa — for definite nouns

   Mikaon og isda ang iring.

   The cat ate a fish.

   Gikaon og iring ang isda.

   A cat ate the fish.

   1. also used as such for some definite nouns, typically place names

      Moadto mi og Manila.

      We will go to Manila.

   2. (after asa, diin, dis-a, or hain) asks where the marked noun is obtained

      Asa ka'g papel nga ing-ana?

      Where did you get paper like that?

2. marks possession with an indefinite possessor; of a

   Coordinate term: sa — see Usage notes

3. shows relation between two grammatical parts:
   1. preceding infinitives (replacing a prefix pag-)

      Naglisod ko og saka. ― I had a hard time going up.

   2. (verb + og + adjective of manner) done in such a manner; -ly

      Nilakaw siya og kusog. ― He walked away fast.

   3. after ayaw (“don't”)

      Ayaw og adto. ― Don't go.

   4. (adjective + og + noun) having, possessing as an attribute:

      Synonym: may

      Dako og bukton. ― Having big arms.

      Kanindot niya'g mata! ― What beautiful eyes s/he has!

Usage notes

• See usage notes under sa.

Conjunction

og (Badlit spelling ᜂᜄ᜔)

1. if, when

   Synonyms: kung, kon

   og ako pa nimo ― if I where you

2. (in indirect questions) whether

   Pangutan-a siya'g moadto siya.

   Ask him whether he'll go.

See also

Cebuano markers

		Direct		Indirect		Oblique
		Definite	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite
Common	Singular	ang	ing†, 'y	sa, sang†	og	sa
	Plural	ang mga	ing mga†, 'y mga	sa mga, sang mga†	og mga	sa mga
Personal	Singular	si		ni		kang*
	Plural	sila ni, silang sa†		nila ni, nilang na†		(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka†
†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech.

Danish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewder.

Proto-Indo-European *gʰeder.

Proto-Germanic *auk

Old Norse auk

Old Norse ok

Old Danish ok

Danish og

From Old Danish ok, from Old Norse ok (“and, also”), from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och (“and”), ock (“also”), Dutch ook (“also”), and German auch (“also”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ʌ], [ɒw]

Conjunction

og

1. and

Adverb

og

1. (archaic, dialect) also

   Synonym: også

Particle

og

1. misspelling of at

References

• “og” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “og” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

Elfdalian

Etymology

From Old Norse ok, from Proto-Germanic *auk. Cognate with Swedish och.

Conjunction

og

1. and

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /oː/, [oːo̞]
• Homophones: ov (‘too’)

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Hanus og Janus

   Hans and Jens

   her og har

   here and there

See also

• bæði ... og

Gothic

Romanization

ōg

1. romanization of 𐍉𐌲

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɔɣ] (when unstressed)
• IPA^(key): [ˈɔːɣ] (when stressed)

  Rhymes: -ɔːɣ

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Kona og maður.

   A woman and a man.

   Ég heiti Baldur og þetta er Jón.

   My name is Baldur and this is Jón.

Derived terms

• Adam og Eva
• á milli steins og sleggju
• ár og síð
• bölva í sand og ösku
• bölva og ragna
• dömur mínar og herrar
• eins og
• ekki verður bæði sleppt og haldið
• fyrst og fremst
• gegnum súrt og sætt
• heilu og höldnu
• hægt og bítandi
• í húð og hár
• með kurt og pí
• pomp og prakt
• rigna eldi og brennisteini
• sem og
• um og ó
• þú og hvaða her

Kunjen

Noun

og

1. water

References

• Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method (2004, →ISBN)

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse ok (“and”), from earlier auk (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *auk (“also, too, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase, enlarge”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/
• IPA^(key): /ɔːɡʲ/ (less common, in some contexts)

Conjunction

og

1. and

References

• “og” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse ok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/
• Homophone: å

Conjunction

og

1. and

   Synonym: (Rodi cant) onno

References

• “og” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Irish

Etymology

Uncertain. Originally a neuter s-stem, perhaps *ugos.

This word cannot be derived from Proto-Celtic *āwyom (from which Brittonic words Welsh wy (“egg”) descend), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm, because the -g- and the vowel in Old Irish are unaccounted for.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈoɣ/

Noun

og n or m or f (genitive ugae, nominative plural ugae)

1. egg
2. (anatomy) testicle

Declension

Neuter s-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
vocative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
accusative	ogN	ogN	ugaeL
genitive	ugaeL	ugae	ugaeN
dative	uigL	ugaib	ugaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ubh
• Manx: ooh
• Scottish Gaelic: ugh

Mutation

Mutation of og

radical	lenition	nasalization
og (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	og	n-og

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 og”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, retrieved 26 July 2024
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) [1909], D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 338, page 216, translation of Handbuch des Alt-Irischen (in German); reprinted 2017

Somali

Etymology

Cognate with Daasanach og, Oromo ogeessa (“expert”).

Verb

og (causative ogi, passive ogan, middle ogo)

1. (transitive) know, be aware of

Derived terms

• moog (“be ignorant”)

References

• “og”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga, 2012

Welsh

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Welsh oc.

.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /oːɡ/
• Rhymes: -oːɡ

Noun

og f (plural ogau or ogiau)

1. harrow

   Synonym: oged

Derived terms

• cyntaf ei og, cyntaf ei gryman (“first come first served”, literally “first with his harrow, first with his sickle”)
• ogi (“to harrow”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of og

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
og	unchanged	unchanged	hog

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “og”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “og”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies