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種

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 种
種 U+7A2E, 種
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A2E
← 稭
[U+7A2D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 稯 →
[U+7A2F]

Translingual

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Han character

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種 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+9, 14 strokes, Cangjie input 竹木竹十土 (HDHJG), four-corner 22914, composition ⿰禾重)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 856, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25174
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1281, character 33
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2617, character 17
  • Unihan data for U+7A2E

Chinese

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trad. 種
simp. 种*
alternative forms
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
𥠭
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 種
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (重) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撞 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
幢 *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs
橦 *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ
噇 *rdoːŋ
𩪘 *rdoːŋ
艟 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
憧 *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ
畽 *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ
董 *toːŋʔ
蕫 *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ
箽 *toːŋʔ
懂 *toːŋʔ
湩 *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs
曈 *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
童 *doːŋ
僮 *doːŋ
瞳 *doːŋ
罿 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
犝 *doːŋ
潼 *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ
穜 *doːŋ, *doŋ
動 *doːŋʔ
慟 *doːŋs
堹 *toŋs
諥 *toŋs
蹱 *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ
重 *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs
緟 *doŋ, *doŋs
蝩 *doŋ
褈 *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ
鐘 *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ
鍾 *tjoŋ
籦 *tjoŋ
種 *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs
腫 *tjoŋʔ
踵 *tjoŋʔ
歱 *tjoŋʔ
喠 *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ
偅 *tjoŋs
衝 *tʰjoŋ
揰 *tʰjoŋs
尰 *djoŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

Etymology

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Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्‌सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).

Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).

Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”) formed with the Old Chinese suffix *-s.

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • chéng - vernacular;
  • chióng - literary.
Note:
  • zêng2 - vernacular;
  • zong2 - literary.
Rime
Character 種
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 之隴切
Baxter tsyowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕɨoŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕioŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕioŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cuawŋX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕioŋX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭwoŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯woŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhǒng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 種
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhǒng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyowngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k.toŋʔ/
English seed

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 種
Reading # 1/2
No. 17471
Phonetic
component 		重
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		腫
Old
Chinese 		/*tjoŋʔ/

Definitions

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種

  1. seed; kernel; cereal
    菜種／菜种  ―  càizhǒng  ―  seed of vegetable
  2. clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race
    人種／人种  ―  rénzhǒng  ―  race
    種族／种族  ―  zhǒngzú  ―  ethnicity
  3. (taxonomy) species; breed
  4. kind; sort; type
  5. Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    各種／各种  ―  gèzhǒng  ―  every kind
  6. (colloquial) guts; grit
  7. seed; offspring; child
    1. (vulgar, derogatory) (Can we verify(+) this sense?) bastard, child of bastardy, adultery or from an affair; a child conceived in a scandalous or illegimate way
Synonyms
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  • (kind):
Dialectal synonyms of 種 (“kind (classifier for varieties)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 種, 類
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 種
Malaysia 種
Singapore 種
Cantonese Guangzhou 種, 隻
Hong Kong 種, 隻, 挺
Hakka Xingning 隻
Southern Min Tainan 種, 款
Penang (Hokkien) 種
Singapore (Hokkien) 種, 款
Manila (Hokkien) 款
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 種, 隻
Wu Shanghai 種, 樣
  • (guts):

Compounds

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See also

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taxonomic ranksedit

Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • chèng - vernacular;
  • chiòng - literary.
Rime
Character 種
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 之用切
Baxter tsyowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕɨoŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕioŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕioŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cuawŋH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕioŋH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕĭwoŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕi̯woŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 種
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhòng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyowngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/
English sow (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 種
Reading # 2/2
No. 17476
Phonetic
component 		重
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		種
Old
Chinese 		/*tjoŋs/
Notes 重轉註字

Definitions

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種

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to sow; to strew
  2. to grow; to plant; to cultivate
    種樹／种树  ―  zhòng shù  ―  to plant a tree
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to breed; to bring up
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to foster; to train
  5. to transplant; to inoculate
Synonyms
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  • (to cultivate):

Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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種

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) cereal that is to plant early and to harvest lately
  2. a surname

References

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Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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種

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. seed
  2. plant, sow
  3. class, kind, variety
  4. (taxonomy) species

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
種
たね
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tanay.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ta̠ne̞]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Tokyo) たね [táꜜnè] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]

Noun

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種(たね) • (tane) 

  1. a seed
    Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
    種(たね)を蒔(ま)く ― tane o maku ― to sow seeds
  2. a pit or stone in a fruit
    Synonym: 実 (sane)
  3. a gamete (reproductive cell such as a spermatozoan or egg)
  4. 種, 胤: a lineage, bloodline
    Synonyms: 血統 (kettō), 血筋 (chisuji)
  5. an origin, cause
    Synonyms: 根源 (kongen), 原因 (gen'in)
  6. the materials or ingredients from which something is made
    Synonyms: 原料 (genryō), 材料 (zairyō)
  7. capital, funds, seed money
    Synonyms: 元金 (gankin, motokin), 元手 (motode)
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Proverbs
See also
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Proper noun

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種(たね) • (Tane) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
種
くさ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Possibly derived from or cognate with 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”), from the way grass grows from its base, hence origin.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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種(くさ) • (kusa) 

  1. 草: an origin, cause
  2. a type, class
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Counter

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種(くさ) • (-kusa) 

  1. counter for number of kinds or types
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
種
くさわい
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
種わい

⟨kusa papi1⟩ → * /kusapapʲi/ → /kusafafi/ → /kusawawʲi/ → /kusawai/

Compound of 種(くさ) (kusa, “origin; type”) + 這(は)い (hai, “widely spread out”, the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 這(は)う (hau, “to spread out widely”)).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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種(くさわい) • (kusawai) ←くさはひ (kusafafi)?

  1. an origin, cause
    Synonym: 原因 (gen'in)
  2. a type, class
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
  3. an interest, appeal
    Synonyms: 趣 (omomuki), 面白み (omoshiromi)

Etymology 4

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
種
しゅ
Grade: 4
on'yomi

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/

From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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種(しゅ) • (shu) ←しゆ (syu)?

  1. a seed
    Synonym: 種子 (shushi)
  2. a kind, type, sort, class, or category
    Synonyms: 種類 (shurui), 類い (tagui)
  3. (taxonomy) a species
Coordinate terms
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taxonomic ranksedit
Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX, “seed”).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] ᄡᅵ〮 (Yale: psí) 죠ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǒng)

Pronunciation

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  • (seed; kernel):
  • (kind; sort; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [종(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

種 (eumhun 씨 종 (ssi jong))

  1. hanja form? of 종 (“seed; kernel”)
  2. hanja form? of 종 (“kind; sort; type”)
  3. hanja form? of 종 (“(taxonomy) species”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngH, “sow”).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 시믈 (Yale: sìmùl) 죠ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyóng)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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種 (eumhun 심을 종 (simeul jong))

  1. hanja form? of 종 (“to plant; to cultivate”)
  2. hanja form? of 종 (“to transplant; to inoculate”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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種: Hán Việt readings: chủng (主(chủ)勇(dũng)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], chũng[5]
種: Nôm readings: giống[1][2][3][6][5][4][7], chỏng[3][6][5][4][7], chõng[1][5][4][7], chủng[2][3][6][7], trồng[1][2][3], chổng[6][7], truồng[1], giuống[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of chủng (“species; race; type; kind”)
  2. Nôm form of giống (“kind; race; breed”)
  3. Nôm form of trồng (“to plant”)

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Génibrel (1898).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hồ (1976).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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