Charles dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens yayi rayuwa daaga shekarar 1812_ 7 June 1870, ya kasance shaharren marubuci ne na littatafan Turanci Kuma Mai tsokaci a harkokin yau da kullum Wanda ya shahara wajen kirkirar labarai na qirqira wadanda suka shahara a duniya yana daya daga cikin wadanda ake girmamawa a bangaren ta bangaren rubuce rubucen qirqira. [1]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Charles John Huffam Dickens a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1812 a 1 Mile End Terrace (yanzu 393 Commercial Road), Landport a Tsibirin Portsea (Portsmouth), Hampshire, [1] na biyu cikin 'ya'ya takwas na Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789-1863) da John Dickens (1785-1851). Mahaifinsa ya kasance magatakarda a Ofishin Biyan Sojan Ruwa na Royal kuma an ajiye shi na ɗan lokaci a cikin gundumar. Ya tambayi Christopher Huffam, rigger a cikin Royal Navy kuma shugaban wani kamfani da aka kafa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Charles.[2] Ana tunanin Huffam shine wahayi ga Paul Dombey, mai mallakar kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki a cikin littafin Dickens Dombey and Son (1848). [2]A watan Janairun shekarata 1815 an kira John Dickens zuwa London, kuma iyalin suka koma Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia . [1] Lokacin da Charles yake da shekaru hudu sai suka koma Sheerness sannan daga nan zuwa Chatham, Kent, inda ya shafe shekarunsa na farko har zuwa shekara 11.[2] Rayuwarsa ta farko da alama ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, kodayake ya yi tunanin kansa "ƙarami ne kuma ba a kula da shi ba".[3]Charles ya shafe lokaci a waje, amma kuma ya karanta da sha'awa, gami da litattafan Tobias Smollett da Henry Fielding, da Robinson Crusoe da Gil Blas. Ya karanta kuma ya sake karanta The Arabian Nights da Collected Farces na Elizabeth Inchbald . [1] Lokacin da yake da shekaru bakwai, ya fara ganin Joseph Grimaldi - mahaifin clowning na zamani - yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Star a Rochester, Kent.[2] Daga baya ya yi koyi da Grimaldi a lokuta da yawa, kuma zai kuma gyara Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi . [3][4] Ya riƙe abubuwan tunawa da ƙuruciya, wanda ya taimaka da kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar mutane da abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a rubuce-rubucensa.[4] Ayyukan mahaifinsa na takaice a matsayin magatakarda a Ofishin Biyan Sojan Ruwa ya ba shi 'yan shekaru na ilimi mai zaman kansa, da farko a makarantar mata sannan a makarantar da William Giles, mai adawa, ke gudanarwa, a Chatham.[5]Wannan lokacin ya zo karshe a watan Yunin 1822, lokacin da aka dawo da John Dickens zuwa hedikwatar Ofishin Biyan Ruwa a Somerset House kuma iyalin (sai dai Charles, wanda ya zauna a baya don kammala wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a makaranta) suka koma Camden Town a London.[1] Iyalin sun bar Kent a cikin saurin karuwar basussuka kuma, suna rayuwa fiye da yadda yake, masu ba da bashi sun tilasta wa John Dickens shiga gidan yarin masu ba da bashin Marshalsea a Southwark, London, a cikin 1824.[2] Matarsa da ƙananan yara sun bi shi a can, kamar yadda ake yi a lokacin. Charles, a lokacin yana da shekaru 12, ya shiga tare da Elizabeth Roylance, abokiyar iyali, a 112 College Place, Camden Town . [3] Misis Roylance ta kasance "tsohuwar tsohuwar matalauciya, wacce danginmu suka san ta da daɗewa", wanda Dickens daga baya ya ba da izini, "tare da wasu canje-canje da kyawawan abubuwa", kamar "Mrs Pipchin" a cikin Dombey da Ɗa. Daga baya, ya zauna a cikin wani bene a cikin gidan wani wakili na Kotun Insolvent, Archibald Russell, "mai kitse, mai kirki, tsoho mai kirki ... tare da tsohuwar matar da ta yi shiru, a titin Lant a Southwark . [4] Sun ba da wahayi ga Garlands a cikin Tsohon Shagon Curiosity . [5]A ranakun Lahadi - tare da 'yar'uwarsa Frances, kyauta daga karatunta a Royal Academy of Music - ya kwashe rana a Marshalsea . [1] Dickens daga baya ya yi amfani da kurkuku a matsayin wuri a Little Dorrit . Don biyan allonsa da kuma taimaka wa iyalinsa, an tilasta Dickens ya bar makaranta kuma ya yi aiki na sa'o'i goma a Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a kan Hungerford Stairs, kusa da Tashar jirgin kasa ta Charing Cross ta yanzu, inda ya sami shillings shida a mako yana sanya alamomi a kan tukwane na takalma. Yanayin aiki mai tsanani kuma sau da yawa mai tsanani ya ba da ra'ayi mai ɗorewa ga Dickens kuma daga baya ya rinjayi almara da litattafansa, ya zama tushen sha'awarsa ga sake fasalin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da aiki, wanda ya yi imanin cewa matalauta ne suka ɗauka ba daidai ba. Daga baya ya rubuta cewa ya yi mamakin "ta yaya za a iya jefa ni cikin sauƙi a irin wannan shekarun". Kamar yadda ya tunatar da John Forster (daga Rayuwar Charles DickensLokacin da aka koma ɗakin ajiya zuwa titin Chandos a cikin gundumar Covent Garden, yaran sun yi aiki a cikin ɗaki inda taga ta kai kan titin. Ƙananan masu sauraro sun taru kuma suna kallon su a wurin aiki - a cikin ƙididdigar mai ba da labari na Dickens Simon Callow, nuni na jama'a shine "sabon gyare-gyare da aka kara wa baƙin cikinsa".[1]Bayan 'yan watanni bayan da aka ɗaure shi, mahaifiyar John Dickens, Elizabeth Dickens, ta mutu kuma ta ba shi kyautar £ 450. A kan tsammanin wannan gado, an saki Dickens daga kurkuku. A karkashin Dokar Masu Biyan Kuɗi, Dickens ya shirya biyan bashin masu bashi, kuma shi da iyalinsa sun bar Marshalsea, [1] don gidan Mrs RoylanceMahaifiyar Charles, Elizabeth Dickens, ba ta goyi bayan cire shi daga ɗakin ajiyar takalma ba. Wannan ya rinjayi ra'ayin Dickens cewa ya kamata uba ya mallaki iyali kuma uwa ta sami matsayinta na da ya dace a cikin gida: "Ba zan taɓa mantawa da shi ba, ba zan taɓa manta ba, cewa mahaifiyata tana da dumi saboda an dawo da ita. "Rashin nasarar mahaifiyarsa na neman dawowarsa wani abu ne da ya sa ya nuna rashin gamsuwa da mata.[1]Fushin adalci wanda ya samo asali daga yanayinsa da yanayin da ma'aikata ke rayuwa ya zama manyan jigogi na ayyukansa, kuma wannan lokacin rashin farin ciki ne a cikin ƙuruciyarsa wanda ya yi nuni a cikin littafin da ya fi so kuma mafi yawan tarihin kansa, David Copperfield: [1] "Ba ni da shawara, babu shawara, babu ƙarfafawa, babu taimako, babu taimako da kowane irin goyon baya, daga kowa, wanda zan iya kira zuwa zuciya, kamar yadda nake fatan zuwa sama!"[2]Daga bisani aka tura Dickens zuwa Kwalejin Wellington House a garin Camden, inda ya kasance har zuwa Maris 1827, bayan ya kwashe kimanin shekaru biyu a can. Bai yi la'akari da shi a matsayin makaranta mai kyau ba: "Yawancin rashin daidaituwa, koyarwa mara kyau, rashin horo wanda ya shafi zalunci na shugaban makarantar, masu gabatar da kara da kuma yanayin da ya ragu, an nuna su a cikin Cibiyar Mista Creakle a David Copperfield. "[1]Dickens ya yi aiki a ofishin lauya na Ellis da Blackmore, lauyoyi, na Kotun Holborn, Gray's Inn, a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda daga Mayu 1827 zuwa Nuwamba 1828. Ya kasance mai basira kuma ya yi kama da wadanda ke kusa da shi: abokan ciniki, lauyoyi da ma'aikata. Da yake sha'awar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London, ya tafi gidan wasan kwaikwayo da damuwa: ya yi iƙirarin cewa aƙalla shekaru uku yana zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo kowace rana.[1] Dan wasan kwaikwayo da ya fi so shi ne Charles Mathews kuma Dickens ya koyi "monopolylogues" (farces inda Mathews ya buga kowane hali) da zuciya.[2] Sa'an nan, bayan ya koyi tsarin Thomas Gurney na taƙaitaccen lokaci a lokacinsa, sai ya bar ya zama mai ba da rahoto mai zaman kansa. Wani dangi mai nisa, Thomas Charlton, ya kasance mai ba da rahoto mai zaman kansa a Doctors' Commons kuma Dickens ya sami damar raba akwatinsa a can don bayar da rahoton ayyukan shari'a kusan kusan shekaru huɗu.[3][4]A cikin 1830 Dickens ya sadu da ƙaunarsa ta farko, Maria Beadnell, wanda ake zaton ya kasance abin koyi ga halin Dora a cikin David Copperfield . Iyayen Maria ba su yarda da soyayya ba kuma sun kawo karshen dangantakar ta hanyar tura ta makaranta a Paris.[1]
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1832, yana da shekaru 20, Dickens ya kasance mai kuzari kuma yana ƙara amincewa da kansa.[1] Ya ji daɗin kwaikwayon da nishaɗi mai ban sha'awa, ba shi da ma'anar abin da yake so ya zama, kuma duk da haka ya san yana son shahara. An jawo shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo - ya zama memba na farko na Garrick Club - ya sauka a sauraron wasan kwaikwayo a Covent Garden, inda manajan George Bartley da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Charles Kemble suka gan shi.[2] Dickens ya shirya sosai kuma ya yanke shawarar yin koyi da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Charles Mathews, amma a ƙarshe ya rasa sauraron saboda sanyi. Kafin wata dama ta tashi, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin marubuci.[3]A cikin 1833 Dickens ya gabatar da labarinsa na farko, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk", ga London periodical Monthly Magazine . [1] Kakansa William Barrow ya ba shi aiki a kan The Mirror of Parliament kuma ya yi aiki a cikin House of Commons a karo na farko a farkon 1832. Ya yi hayar ɗakuna a 15 Buckingham Street [2] kuma daga baya a Furnival's Inn kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jaridar siyasa, yana ba da rahoto game da muhawara ta majalisa, kuma ya yi tafiya a duk faɗin Burtaniya don rufe kamfen ɗin zabe na Morning Chronicle . [3][4]Ayyukansa na jarida, a cikin nau'ikan zane-zane a cikin littattafai, sun kafa tarin sa na farko, wanda aka buga a 1836: Sketches by Boz - Boz kasancewa sunan laƙabi na iyali da ya yi amfani da shi azaman sunan sirri na wasu shekaru.[1][2] Dickens a bayyane ya karbe shi daga laƙabi 'Moses', wanda ya ba dan uwansa ƙarami Augustus Dickens, bayan wani hali a cikin Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar na Wakefield . Lokacin da duk wanda ke da sanyi ya furta shi, "Moses" ya zama "Boses" - daga baya aka taƙaita shi zuwa Boz.[2][3]Wani mai sukar zamani ya dauki sunan Dickens a matsayin "mai banƙyama", wanda ya rubuta a cikin 1849: "Mista Dickens, kamar dai a matsayin fansa ga sunansa mai banƙyama, yana ba da har yanzu masu banƙyama a kan abubuwan da ya kirkira". Dickens ya ba da gudummawa kuma ya shirya mujallu a duk lokacin da yake aikin wallafe-wallafen.[1] A watan Janairun 1835, Morning Chronicle ta kaddamar da fitowar maraice, a karkashin editan mai sukar kiɗa na Chronicle, George Hogarth . Hogarth ya gayyace shi don bayar da gudummawa ga Street Sketches kuma Dickens ya zama baƙo na yau da kullun zuwa gidansa na Fulham - ya yi farin ciki da abokantaka da Hogarth da Walter Scott (wanda Dickens ya yi sha'awarsa sosai) kuma yana jin daɗin ƙungiyar 'ya'ya mata uku na Hogarth, Georgina, Mary da Catherine mai shekaru 19.[2]Nasarar Sketches by Boz ta haifar da tayin daga masu bugawa Chapman da Hall don Dickens don samar da rubutu don daidaita hotunan Robert Seymour a cikin takarda wasika ta kowane wata. Seymour ya kashe kansa bayan sashi na biyu kuma Dickens, wanda ke son rubuta jerin zane-zane, ya hayar "Phiz" don samar da zane-zane (wanda aka rage daga hudu zuwa biyu a kowane sashi) don labarin. Labarin da ya biyo baya ya zama The Pickwick Papers kuma, kodayake 'yan abubuwan da suka faru na farko ba su yi nasara ba, gabatarwar halin Cockney Sam Weller a cikin kashi na huɗu (na farko da Phiz ya kwatanta) ya nuna hauhawar gaske a cikin shahararsa.[1] Kashi na karshe ya sayar da kofe 40,000.[2] A kan tasirin halin, The Paris Review ya bayyana a cikin 2015, "watakila mafi yawan tarihin tarihi a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi shine Sam Weller Bump. "[3]Wani abu mai ban mamaki, John Sutherland, Farfesa na wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi na zamani a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, wanda ake kira The Pickwick Papers "[shi ne mafi mahimmancin littafi guda na zamanin Victorian".[t][4] Nasarar da ba a taɓa gani ba ta haifar da abubuwa da yawa da suka hada da sigari na Pickwick, katunan wasa, siffofin china, Sam Weller puzzles, Weller boot polish da littattafan ban dariya.[3]A kan tasirinsa a kan al'adun jama'a, Nicholas Dames a cikin The Atlantic ya rubuta, "'Literature' ba babban rukuni ba ne ga Pickwick. Ya bayyana nasa, sabon wanda muka koyi kiran 'nishaɗi'. [1]A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1836 Dickens ya karbi matsayin editan Bentley's Miscellany, matsayin da ya rike na tsawon shekaru uku, har sai da ya fadi tare da mai shi.[2] A cikin 1836, yayin da ya gama sassan karshe na The Pickwick Papers, ya fara rubuta sassan farko na Oliver Twist - yana rubuta kusan shafuka 90 a wata - yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a kan Bentley na kuma rubuta wasanni hudu, samar da shi ya kula da shi. Oliver Twist, wanda aka buga a 1838, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun labarun Dickens kuma shine littafi na farko na Victorian tare da jarumi.[3]A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1836, bayan shekara guda, kuma tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru na biyu da uku na The Pickwick Papers, Dickens ya auri Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1815-1879), 'yar George Hogarth, editan Evening Chronicle . [1] Sun yi aure a Chelsea" id="mwAh8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St Luke's Church, Chelsea">Cocin St Luke, Chelsea, London.[2] Bayan ɗan gajeren hutun amarya a Chalk a Kent, ma'auratan sun koma masauki a Furnival's Inn.[3] An haifi na farko daga cikin 'Ya'yansu goma, Charles, a watan Janairun 1837 kuma bayan 'yan watanni iyalin suka kafa gida a Bloomsbury a 48 Doughty Street, London (wanda Charles ke da hayar shekaru uku a £ 80 a shekara) daga 25 Maris 1837 har zuwa Disamba 1839. [1] [4] Yaron Dickens Frederick da 'yar'uwar Catherine mai shekaru 17 Mary Hogarth sun koma tare da su. Dickens ya kasance mai matukar damuwa da Maryamu, kuma ta mutu a hannunsa bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya a 1837. Abin mamaki ga Dickens, sakamakon firgici, ya daina aiki, kuma shi da Catherine sun zauna a wani karamin gona a Hampstead Heath na makonni biyu. Dickens ya tsara Maryamu; halin da ya tsara bayan ta, Rose Maylie, ya gano cewa ba zai iya kashewa ba, kamar yadda ya shirya, a cikin almara, kuma, a cewar Ackroyd, ya yi amfani da tunanin ta don bayanin da ya yi na Little Nell da Florence Dombey.[5][6] Rashin jin dadinsa ya yi yawa har ya kasa cika lokacin da aka ƙaddara a watan Yuni na The Pickwick Papers kuma dole ne ya soke Oliver Twist a wannan watan.[7] Lokacin da yake Hampstead shine lokacin da dangantaka ta girma tsakanin Dickens da John Forster ta bunkasa; Forster nan da nan ya zama manajan kasuwancinsa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma na farko da ya karanta aikinsa.[8]A tsakiyar duk ayyukansa a wannan lokacin, akwai rashin jin daɗi tare da masu bugawa kuma an sayi John Macrone, yayin da Richard Bentley ya sanya hannu kan dukkan hakkokinsa a Oliver Twist. Sauran alamun rashin kwanciyar hankali da rashin jin daɗi sun fito; a Broadstairs ya yi kwarkwasa da Eleanor Picken, budurwa mai kula da lauyansa kuma wata dare ta kama ta kuma ta gudu tare da ita zuwa teku. Ya bayyana cewa dukansu biyu za su nitse a can a cikin "raunin raƙuman ruwa". Daga karshe ta sami 'yanci, kuma daga baya ta nisanta kanta. A watan Yunin 1841, ya tashi da sauri a kan yawon shakatawa na watanni biyu na Scotland sannan, a watan Satumbar 1841, ya aika wa Forster cewa ya yanke shawarar zuwa Amurka.[1] Shirinsa na mako-mako na Master Humphrey's Clock ya ƙare, kodayake Dickens har yanzu yana sha'awar ra'ayin mujallar mako-mayoyi, godiya da ta fara ne tare da karatun Samuel Johnson's The Idler da mujallu na karni na 18 Tatler da The Spectator . [2]Dickens ya damu da dawowar Tories zuwa mulki, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "mutane waɗanda, a siyasa, na raina da ƙyamar. "[1]An jarabce shi ya tsaya ga Jam'iyyar Liberal a Reading, amma ya yanke shawarar adawa da shi saboda matsalolin kudi.[1] Ya rubuta waƙoƙi uku na adawa da Tory ("The Fine Old English Gentleman", "The Quack Doctor's Proclamation" da "Subjects for Painters") waɗanda aka buga a cikin The Examiner .[2]A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 1842, Dickens da matarsa sun isa Boston, Massachusetts, a cikin RMS Britannia a lokacin tafiyarsu ta farko zuwa Amurka da Kanada.[1] A wannan lokacin Georgina Hogarth, wata 'yar'uwar Catherine, ta shiga gidan Dickens, yanzu tana zaune a Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone, don kula da iyalin da suka bari a baya.[2] Ta kasance tare da su a matsayin mai kula da gida, mai shirya, mai ba da shawara da kuma aboki har zuwa mutuwar Dickens a 1870. [3] Dickens ya tsara halin Agnes Wickfield bayan Georgina da Maryamu.[4]A lokacin ziyarar da ya kai Amurka, Dickens ya kwashe wata daya a Birnin New York, yana ba da laccoci, yana tayar da tambaya game da dokokin haƙƙin mallaka na duniya da kuma satar aikinsa a Amurka.[1][2] Ya shawo kan wani rukuni na marubuta 25, karkashin jagorancin Washington Irving, don sanya hannu kan takarda don ya kai shi ga Majalisa ta Amurka, amma 'yan jarida gabaɗaya suna adawa da wannan, suna cewa ya kamata ya gode da shahararsa kuma cewa dan kasuwa ne ya yi korafi game da aikinsa ana satar sa.[3]Shahararren da ya samu ya haifar da canji a cikin fahimtar kansa a cewar mai sukar Kate Flint, wanda ya rubuta cewa "ya sami kansa kayan al'adu, kuma yaduwarsa ta wuce ikonsa", wanda ya sa ya zama mai sha'awar kuma ya shiga cikin jigogi na jama'a da na mutum a cikin litattafai masu zuwa.[1] Ta rubuta cewa ya ɗauki matsayin "mai sharhi mai tasiri", a fili da kuma a cikin almara, a bayyane yake a cikin 'yan littattafansa na gaba.[1] Tafiyarsa zuwa Amurka ta ƙare tare da tafiya zuwa Kanada - Niagara Falls, Toronto, Kingston, Ontario, da Montreal - inda ya bayyana a kan mataki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai haske.[2]Tsakanin 1843 da 1844 Martin Chuzzlewit, na karshe daga cikin litattafansa na picaresque, an tsara shi. Ya haɗa da halin Sarah Gamp, ma'aikaciyar jinya wacce ta kasance mai lalata, mara kyau kuma ta sha giya gabaɗaya, kuma tana nuna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bincike masu zaman kansu na farko, Mista Nadgett . [1] Bayan ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Italiya (1844), Dickens ya yi tafiya zuwa Switzerland (1846), inda ya fara aiki a kan Dombey da Son (1846-48). [2]A wannan lokacin, an sanar da shi game da babban cin hanci da rashawa a kamfanin inda ɗan'uwansa, Augustus, ya yi aiki (John Chapman & Co). Thomas Powell ne ya gudanar da shi, wani magatakarda, wanda ke da abokantaka da Dickens kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Augustus lokacin da ya fara aiki. Powell kuma marubuci ne kuma mawaki kuma ya san yawancin sanannun marubuta na lokacin. Bayan ci gaba da ayyukan zamba, Powell ya gudu zuwa New York kuma ya buga wani littafi mai suna The Living Authors of England tare da babi game da Charles Dickens, wanda abin da Powell ya rubuta bai yi farin ciki ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka yi kama da ya fusata shi ne da'awar cewa ya kafa halin Paul Dombey (Dombey da Son) a kan Thomas Chapman, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan tarayya a John Chapman & Co. Dickens nan da nan ya aika da wasika ga Lewis Gaylord Clark, editan mujallar wallafe-wallafen New York The Knickerbocker, yana cewa Powell ɗan ƙarya ne kuma ɓarawo. Clark ya buga wasikar a cikin New-York Tribune da wasu takardu da yawa da aka karɓa akan labarin. Powell ya fara shari'a don kai karar waɗannan wallafe-wallafen kuma an kama Clark. Dickens, ya fahimci cewa ya yi hanzari, ya tuntubi John Chapman & Co don neman tabbacin rubuce-rubuce game da laifin Powell. Dickens ya sami amsar da ke tabbatar da cin hanci da rashawa na Powell, amma da zarar daraktocin sun fahimci cewa ana iya samar da wannan bayanin a kotu, sun ki yin ƙarin bayani. Saboda matsalolin samar da shaida a Amurka don tallafawa zarge-zargensa, Dickens daga ƙarshe ya yi sulhu na sirri tare da Powell a waje da kotu.[1]Angela Burdett Coutts, magajin Coutts na banki, ta kusanci Dickens a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1846 game da kafa gida don fansar Mata da suka fadi daga cikin ma'aikata. Coutts ya yi la'akari da gida wanda zai maye gurbin tsarin azabtarwa na cibiyoyin da ke akwai tare da yanayin sake fasalin da ke da alaƙa da ilimi da ƙwarewa a cikin ayyukan gida. Bayan da farko ya yi tsayayya, Dickens daga ƙarshe ya kafa gidan, mai suna Urania Cottage, a yankin Lime Grove na Shepherd's Bush, wanda ya gudanar da shi na shekaru goma, [1] ya kafa dokokin gidan, yana nazarin asusun da kuma yin hira da mazauna. [2] Shige da fice da aure sun kasance tsakiya ga ajanda na Dickens ga mata a kan barin Urania Cottage, daga inda aka kiyasta cewa kimanin mata 100 ne suka kammala karatu tsakanin 1847 da 1859.[3]Yayinda yake saurayi, Dickens ya nuna rashin jin daɗin wasu fannoni na addini. A cikin 1836, a cikin wata takarda mai taken Sunday Under Three Heads, ya kare haƙƙin mutane na jin daɗi, yana adawa da shirin hana wasanni a ranar Lahadi. "Dubi cikin majami'unku - ƙananan ikilisiyoyi da ƙarancin halarta. Mutane sun zama masu fushi da taurin kai, kuma suna ƙyamar bangaskiya da ke hukunta su zuwa irin wannan rana, sau ɗaya cikin bakwai. Suna nuna jininsu ta hanyar kasancewa daga [coci]. Ku juya cikin tituna [a ranar Lahadi] kuma su nuna duhu mai ƙarfi wanda ke mulki a duk abin da ke kewaye. "[1][2]Dickens ya girmama siffar Yesu Kristi.[1] An dauke shi a matsayin Kirista mai ikirarin.[2] Ɗansa, Henry Fielding Dickens, ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "yana da zurfin imani na addini". A farkon shekarun 1840, ya nuna sha'awar Kiristanci na Unitarian kuma Robert Browning ya ce "Mista Dickens mai haske ne".[3]Farfesa Gary Colledge ya rubuta cewa "ba ya taɓa ɓacewa daga alakarsa da sanannen Anglicanism ba".[4] Dickens ya rubuta wani aiki da ake kira The Life of Our Lord (1846), wani littafi game da rayuwar Kristi, wanda aka rubuta da manufar raba bangaskiyarsa tare da 'ya'yansa da iyalinsa.[5][6] A cikin wani yanayi daga David Copperfield, Dickens ya sake maimaita amfani da Geoffrey Chaucer na Luka 23:34 daga Troilus da Criseyde (Dickens yana da kwafin a cikin ɗakin karatu), tare da G. K. Chesterton yana rubutawa, "a tsakanin manyan marubutan Ingilishi, Chaucer da Dickens suna da mafi yawan iri ɗaya. "[7]Dickens bai yarda da Katolika da Bishara ƙarni na 19 ba, yana ganin duka biyu a matsayin matsanancin Kiristanci kuma mai yiwuwa ya iyakance bayyanar mutum, kuma yana sukar abin da ya gani a matsayin munafunci na cibiyoyin addini da falsafanci kamar ruhaniya, dukansu ya yi la'akari da karkatarwa daga ruhun gaskiya na Kiristanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin da ya rubuta wa iyalinsa a 1846.[1][2] Duk da yake Dickens ya ba da shawarar daidaito ga Katolika a Ingila, bai ji daɗin yadda ake yin barazanar 'yanci na mutum ba a ƙasashe inda Katolika ya fi yawa kuma ya kira Cocin Katolika a matsayin "wannan la'ana a duniya". [1]Dickens kuma ya ki amincewa da tabbacin Bishara cewa Littafi Mai-Tsarki kalma ce marar kuskure ta Allah. Ra'ayoyinsa game da fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki sun yi kama da koyarwar Liberal Anglican Arthur Penrhyn Stanley na "Bayyanawa mai ci gaba".[1] Leo Tolstoy da Fyodor Dostoyevsky sun kira Dickens "wannan babban marubucin Kirista".[3][4]
Tsakiyar shekarun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1845 Dickens ya zama edita na Daily News na London, takarda mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar da Dickens ke fatan bayar da shawara, a cikin nasa kalmomin, "ka'idodin Ci gaba da Ingantawa, na Ilimi da 'yancin jama'a da addini da daidaito". [1]Daga cikin sauran masu ba da gudummawa Dickens ya zaɓi ya rubuta don takarda sun kasance masanin tattalin arziki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Thomas Hodgskin da mai gyara zamantakewa Douglas William Jerrold, wanda ke kai hari kan Dokokin Masara akai-akai.[1][2] Dickens ya dauki makonni goma kawai a kan aikin kafin ya yi murabus saboda haɗuwa da gajiya da takaici tare da ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar takarda.[1]Wani Francophile, Dickens sau da yawa yana hutu a Faransa kuma, a cikin jawabin da aka gabatar a Paris a 1846 a Faransanci, ya kira Faransanci "mutane na farko a sararin samaniya".[1] A lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Paris, Dickens ya sadu da masanan Faransanci Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Eugène Scribe, Théophile Gautier, François-René de Chateaubriand da Eugène Sue . [1] A farkon 1849 Dickens ya fara rubuta David Copperfield . An buga shi tsakanin 1849 da 1850. A cikin tarihin Dickens, Life of Charles Dickens (1872), John Forster ya rubuta game da David Copperfield, "a ƙarƙashin fiction akwai wani abu na rayuwar marubucin".[2] Shi ne abin da Dickens ya fi so a cikin litattafansa, kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin gabatarwar 1867 edition.[3] Tarin wasikunsa, wanda aka sani da fiye da 14,000, ya rufe batutuwa masu yawa. Wasiƙu a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da wasika tare da Mary Tyler, mai kwanan wata 6 ga Nuwamba 1849, game da kyawawan halaye na Punch da Judy, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya mamaye ta hanyar rikice-rikice na Mista Punch, da kuma bita na Babban Nuni, na farko a cikin jerin baje kolin duniya, wanda ya halarta a Hyde Park, London, a 1851. [4] Bayan Yaƙin Opium na farko Dickens ya kalli kasar Sin ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ba'a da tsoro, yana nuni da yanayin Yammacin "haɗarin rawaya".[5] A lokacin ziyarar da ya kai ga Babban Nunin, ya raina nune-nunen kasar Sin a matsayin alamomin tsayawa, yana lakafta su "haskakawar launin rawaya", ci gaban rubuce-rubuce ya hana shi ta hanyar keɓewa na Daular Qing tare da "China, rufe[6] kanta, gwargwadon iyawa, a cikin kanta".A ƙarshen 1851, Dickens ya koma Gidan Tavistock inda ya rubuta Bleak House (1852-53), Hard Times (1854) da Little Dorrit (1855-57). [1] Wani aiki wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa na Gothic kamar yadda aka nuna London a matsayin birni mai duhu da ke cikin hazo, Bleak House an yaba da shi tare da gabatar da hazo na birni zuwa littafin, wanda zai zama halayyar wallafe-wallafen Gothic da fim na birane.[2] Da yake nuna sha'awar jama'a ga dinosaur da aka fara bunkasa a Ingila ta Victorian, bude Bleak House ya ƙunshi ambaton dinosaur na farko a cikin wallafe-wallafen: "ba zai zama mai ban mamaki don saduwa da Megalosaurus ba, tsawon ƙafa arba'in ko haka, yana yawo kamar giwa zuwa Holborn Hill".[3]Yayinda yake a Tavistock Dickens ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan wasa, kuma ya yi aiki tare da marubuci da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Wilkie Collins . [1] A shekara ta 1856, kudin shiga daga rubuce-rubuce ya ba shi damar sayen Gads Hill Place a Higham, Kent. Yayinda yake yaro Dickens ya wuce gidan kuma ya yi mafarki na zama a ciki. Yankin kuma ya kasance wurin wasu abubuwan da suka faru na William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Sashe na 1 kuma wannan haɗin wallafe-wallafen ya faranta masa rai.[2] A wannan lokacin Dickens ya kasance mai bugawa, edita kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu Household Words (1850-1859) da All the Year Round (1858-1870), tare da lakabi biyu da suka samo asali daga ambaton Shakespearean.[3] Jaridu sun ƙunshi cakuda fiction da wadanda ba fiction ba, kuma sun shafi fannoni a cikin al'ada. Misali, wannan na ƙarshe ya haɗa da kimantawar Dickens game da Madam Tussauds, gidan kayan gargajiya na wax da aka kafa a Baker Street a 1835, wanda ya kira "wani abu fiye da nune-nunen, ma'aikata ce" [4]A shekara ta 1854, bisa umarnin gwauruwar Sir John Franklin Lady Jane, Dickens ya kai hari kan mai binciken Arctic John Rae a cikin Household Words don rahotonsa ga Admiralty, bisa ga ganawa da Inuit na gida, cewa mambobin tafiyar Franklin da ta ɓace sun koma ga cin nama. Wadannan hare-haren daga baya za a fadada su a wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1856 The Frozen Deep, haɗin gwiwa tare da Wilkie Collins, wanda ke ba da dariya ga Rae da Inuit. Ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar archaeology na ƙarni na ashirin a Tsibirin King William daga baya sun tabbatar da cewa mambobin balaguron Franklin sun koma cin nama.[5]A shekara ta 1855, lokacin da aboki mai kyau na Dickens mai suna Liberal MP Austen Henry Layard ya kafa Kungiyar Gyara ta Gudanarwa don neman gagarumin gyare-gyare na Majalisar, Dickens ya shiga kuma ya ba da gudummawarsa don tallafawa manufar Layard.[1] Baya ga Ubangiji John Russell, wanda shine kadai babban dan siyasa wanda Dickens ke da bangaskiya kuma wanda daga baya ya keɓe A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens ya yi imanin cewa aristocracy na siyasa da rashin iyawarsu shine mutuwar Ingila.[1][2] Lokacin da aka zarge shi da Layard da tayar da rikice-rikicen aji, Dickens ya amsa cewa ɗalibai sun riga sun kasance a cikin adawa kuma kuskuren yana tare da aji na aristocratic. Dickens ya yi amfani da jawabinsa a cikin Kalmomin Gida don ya goyi bayan kungiyar Reform Association.[2] Ya kuma yi sharhi game da harkokin kasashen waje, yana bayyana goyon bayansa ga Giuseppe Garibaldi da Giuseppe Mazzini, yana taimakawa wajen tara kudade don kamfen ɗin su kuma yana mai cewa "Italiya mai haɗin kai zai kasance da muhimmancin gaske ga zaman lafiya na duniya, kuma zai zama dutse a hanyar Louis Napoleon, " kuma "Ina jin Italiya kusan kamar dai ni ɗan Italiya ne. " [3][4][5]Dickens ya kuma wallafa rubuce-rubuce da yawa a cikin Kalmomin Gida da ke tallafawa allurar rigakafi, gami da yabo da yawa ga mai gabatar da allurar rigakawa Edward Jenner . [6]Bayan Rikicin Indiya na 1857, Dickens ya shiga cikin zargi da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya saboda rawar da ya taka a taron, amma ya tanadi fushinsa ga Indiyawa, yana fatan shi ne babban kwamandan a Indiya don ya iya "yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don kawar da tseren wanda aka yi wa mummunan zalunci".[1]A shekara ta 1857 Dickens ya hayar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu sana'a don The Frozen Deep, wanda shi da An kare shi Wilkie Collins suka rubuta. Dickens ya fada cikin soyayya da daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, Ellen Ternan, kuma wannan sha'awar za ta kasance har zuwa sauran rayuwarsa.[1] A shekara ta 1858, lokacin da Dickens ke da shekaru 45 kuma Ternan ke da shekaru 18, kisan aure zai kasance abin kunya ga wani saninsa. Bayan ya zargi Catherine a fili da rashin son 'ya'yansu da kuma shan wahala daga "rashin hankali" - maganganun da suka ƙi tsaransa, gami da Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Dickens ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa Catherine. [2][3] Lokacin da makircinsa ya gaza, sai suka rabu. Catherine ta tafi, ba za ta sake ganin mijinta ba, tare da ɗanta ɗaya. 'Yar'uwarta Georgina, wacce ta zauna a Gads Hill, ta tayar da sauran yara.[4]A wannan lokacin, yayin da yake yin la'akari da aikin ba da karatun jama'a don ribar kansa, asibitin Great Ormond Street ya kusanci Dickens ta hanyar kiran sadaka don taimakawa shi ya tsira daga babban rikicin kudi na farko. Rubutun nasa na "Drooping Buds" a cikin Household Words a baya a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1852 masu kafa asibitin sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai haifar da nasarar asibitin.[1] Dickens, wanda sanannen aikinsa na jin kai, abokinsa, wanda ya kafa asibitin Charles West, ya nemi ya jagoranci roko, kuma ya jefa kansa cikin aikin, zuciya da rai.[2] Karatun jama'a na Dickens ya sami isasshen kuɗi don ba da gudummawa don sanya asibitin a kan ingantaccen tushen kuɗi; karatun daya a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1858 kadai ya tara £ 3,000.[3][4][5]Bayan ya rabu da Catherine, [1] Dickens ya gudanar da jerin shahararrun yawon shakatawa na karatu wanda, tare da aikin jarida, zai shawo kan mafi yawan ƙarfin kirkirarsa na shekaru goma masu zuwa, inda zai rubuta litattafai biyu kawai. [2] Yawon shakatawa na farko, wanda ya kasance daga Afrilu 1858 zuwa Fabrairu 1859, ya kunshi bayyanar 129 a garuruwa 49 a duk faɗin Ingila, Scotland da Ireland.[3] Dickens ya ci gaba da sha'awar duniyar wasan kwaikwayo an rubuta shi a cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Nicholas Nickleby, kuma ya sami hanyar fita a cikin karatun jama'a. A shekara ta 1866, ya gudanar da jerin karatun jama'a a Ingila da Scotland, tare da ƙarin shekara mai zuwa a Ingila da Ireland.[4]Sauran ayyukan nan da nan suka biyo baya, ciki har da A Tale of Two Cities (1859) da Great Expectations (1861), waɗanda suka sami nasara sosai. An kafa shi a London da Paris, A Tale of Two Cities shine sanannen aikinsa na tarihin tarihi kuma ya haɗa da sanannen jumla ta buɗewa "Ya kasance mafi kyawun lokutan, ya kasance mafi munin lokutan".Ana tallata shi akai-akai a matsayin daya daga cikin litattafan da aka fi sayarwa a kowane lokaci.[1][2] Jigogi a cikin Babban Bincike sun haɗa da wadata da talauci, soyayya da ƙin yarda, da kuma nasarar nagarta akan mugunta.[3]A farkon watan Satumba na shekara ta 1860, a wani filin da ke bayan Gads Hill, Dickens ya kashe mafi yawan wasikunsa; ya ajiye wasiƙu kawai game da al'amuran kasuwanci. Tun da Ellen Ternan ta lalata duk wasikun da ya rubuta mata, [1] girman al'amarin tsakanin su biyu ya kasance hasashe. [2] A cikin shekarun 1930, Thomas Wright ya ba da labarin cewa Ternan ta ba da kanta ga Canon Benham kuma ta ba da kuɗi ga jita-jita cewa sun kasance masoya.[3] 'Yar Dickens, Kate Perugini, ta bayyana cewa su biyun suna da ɗa wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri ga mai ba da labari Gladys Storey a cikin wata hira kafin mutuwar tsohon a 1929. Storey ta buga labarinta a cikin Dickens and Daughter, kodayake ba a ba da wata hujja ta zamani ba.[4][5] A kan mutuwarsa, Dickens ya daidaita shekara-shekara a kan Ternan wanda ya sa ta sami 'yancin kudi. Littafin Claire Tomalin The Invisible Woman ya yi jayayya cewa Ternan ya zauna tare da Dickens a asirce na shekaru 13 da suka gabata na rayuwarsa. Littafin ya zama wasa, Little Nell, na Simon Gray, da fim na 2013. A wannan lokacin, Dickens ya ci gaba da sha'awarsa ga paranormal, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin farko na The Ghost Club a London.[6] A cikin Kirsimeti Kirsimeti na 1862, wasan kwaikwayo na littafinsa, The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain, ya ga zanga-zangar farko ta jama'a ta "farashin Pepper" - hanyar nuna mafarki na fatalwa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo (mai suna bayan mai haɓaka John Henry Pepper) - wanda ya haifar da jin dadi tsakanin waɗanda suka halarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Regent Street.[7]A watan Yunin 1862 an miƙa shi £ 10,000 don yawon shakatawa na Ostiraliya.[1] Ya kasance mai himma, har ma ya shirya littafin tafiye-tafiye, The Uncommercial Traveller Upside Down, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar adawa da yawon shakatawa.[2] Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens da Edward Bulwer Lytton Dickens, sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, Edward ya zama memba na Majalisar dokokin New South Wales a matsayin memba na Wilcannia tsakanin 1889 da 1894 .[3][4]
Bayan rayuwar sa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 9 ga Yuni 1865, yayin da yake dawowa daga Paris tare da Ellen Ternan, Dickens ya shiga cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Staplehurst a Kent. Jirgin kasa na farko bakwai ya fadi daga gadar ƙarfe da ke cikin gyare-gyare kuma fasinjoji goma sun mutu.[1] Karusar farko da ta kasance a kan hanya - wanda aka bar ta rataye a kan gadar - ita ce wadda Dickens ke tafiya a ciki.[2] Sa'o'i uku kafin masu ceto su isa, Dickens ya kula da kuma ta'azantar da wadanda suka ji rauni da masu mutuwa tare da kwalban brandy da hat din da aka sabunta da ruwa.[2] Kafin ya tafi, ya tuna da rubutun da ba a gama ba don Abokinmu na Mutuwa, kuma ya koma cikin karusarsa don dawo da shi.[3]Dickens daga baya ya yi amfani da kwarewar hadarin a matsayin kayan aiki don ɗan gajeren Labarin fatalwa, "The Signal-Man", wanda babban hali ke da hangen nesa game da mutuwarsa a hadarin jirgin ƙasa. Ya kuma kafa labarin a kan hatsarori da yawa na jirgin kasa da suka gabata, kamar Hadarin jirgin kasa na Clayton Tunnel a Sussex na 1861. Dickens ya yi nasarar kauce wa bayyanar a Bincike don kauce wa bayyana cewa yana tafiya tare da Ternan da mahaifiyarta, wanda zai haifar da abin kunya.[1] Bayan hadarin, Dickens ya firgita lokacin da yake tafiya ta jirgin kasa kuma zai yi amfani da madadin hanyoyin idan akwai.[2] A shekara ta 1868 ya rubuta, "Ina da tsoratar da tsoro ba zato ba tsammani, koda lokacin da nake hawa a cikin motar hansom, wanda ba shi da ma'ana amma ba za a iya shawo kansa ba".Dan Dickens, Henry, ya tuna, "Na gan shi wani lokaci a cikin motar jirgin kasa lokacin da aka yi ɗan rikici. Lokacin da wannan ya faru kusan yana cikin tsoro kuma ya riƙe wurin zama da hannayensu biyu. "[2]Yayinda yake tunanin ziyarar ta biyu zuwa Amurka, barkewar Yaƙin basasa a Amurka a 1861 ya jinkirta shirye-shiryensa.[1] A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1867, sama da shekaru biyu bayan yakin, Dickens ya tashi daga Liverpool don yawon shakatawa na biyu na Amurka. Lokacin da ya sauka a Boston, ya ba da sauran watan ga wani zagaye na abincin dare tare da irin waɗannan sanannun kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow da mai bugawa na Amurka, James T. Fields . A farkon watan Disamba, karatun ya fara. Ya yi karatu 76, inda ya samu £ 19,000, daga Disamba 1867 zuwa Afrilu 1868. [2] Dickens ya yi tafiya tsakanin Boston da New York, inda ya ba da karatun 22 a Steinway Hall. Kodayake ya fara shan wahala daga abin da ya kira "kwararrun Amurka na gaskiya", ya ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin jadawalin da ya cika, har ma da gudanar da matsewa a wasu hawa a Central Park.[3]A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa, ya ga canji a cikin mutane da yanayin Amurka. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a wani biki da American Press ta gudanar don girmama shi a Delmonico's a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, lokacin da ya yi alkawarin ba zai sake hukunta Amurka ba. A ƙarshen yawon shakatawa Dickens ba zai iya sarrafa abinci mai ƙarfi ba, yana cin abinci a kan champagne da ƙwai da aka doke a cikin sherry. A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu ya shiga jirgin Cunard na Rasha don komawa Burtaniya, [1] kusan ya tsere wa harajin tarayya akan kudaden da ya samu daga yawon shakatawa. [2]A cikin 1868-69 Dickens ya ba da jerin "karatun gaisuwa" a Ingila, Scotland da Ireland, farawa a ranar 6 ga Oktoba. Ya gudanar, daga kwangila 100 karatu, don ba da 75 a larduna, tare da ƙarin 12 a London.[1] Yayin da yake matsawa ya sha wahala da gurguwa da kuma shanyewar jiki. Ya yi bugun jini a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1869 a Chester.[2] Ya fadi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1869, a Preston, Lancashire; bisa ga shawarar likita, an soke yawon shakatawa.[3] Bayan an soke ƙarin karatun lardin, sai ya fara aiki a kan littafinsa na ƙarshe, The Mystery of Edwin Drood . An bayyana shi a matsayin labari "duhu da Gothic", littafinsa da ba a gama ba yana mai da hankali kan kawun Drood, John Jasper, mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.[4] Ya kasance mai kyau a cikin shekarun 1860 don 'yi waƙoƙi' kuma, a cikin kamfani, Dickens ya ziyarci wuraren opium a Shadwell a Gabashin London, inda ya ga wani tsoho mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi mai suna "Laskar Sal", wanda ya kafa samfurin "Opium Sal" a cikin Edwin Drood.[5]Bayan Dickens ya sake samun isasshen ƙarfi, ya shirya, tare da amincewar likita, don jerin karatun karshe don biyan masu tallafa masa abin da suka rasa saboda rashin lafiyarsa. Akwai wasanni 12, a ranar 11 ga Janairu zuwa 15 ga Maris 1870; na ƙarshe a karfe 8:00 na yamma a St James's Hall, London. Ko da yake yana cikin koshin lafiya a lokacin, ya karanta A Christmas Carol da The Trial from Pickwick . A ranar 2 ga Mayu, ya yi bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin jama'a a wani biki na Royal Academy a gaban Yarima da Gimbiya ta Wales, yana ba da kyauta ta musamman game da mutuwar abokinsa mai zane Daniel Maclise . [1]A ranar 8 ga Yuni 1870 Dickens ya sake yin bugun jini a gidansa bayan cikakken aikin rana akan Edwin Drood . Bai sake farfadowa ba. Kashegari, ya mutu a Gads Hill Place, yana da shekaru 58. Mawallafin tarihinsa Claire Tomalin ya ba da shawarar Dickens a zahiri yana cikin Peckham lokacin da ya yi bugun jini kuma uwargidansa Ellen Ternan da ma'aikatanta sun dawo da shi zuwa Gads Hill don jama'a ba za su san gaskiya game da dangantakarsu ba.[1] Sabanin burinsa na a binne shi a Rochester Cathedral "a cikin hanyar da ba ta da tsada, ba ta da kyau, kuma mai zaman kanta", an kwantar da shi a cikin Poets' Corner a Westminster Abbey.[2] Wani rubutun da aka buga a lokacin jana'izar ya karanta:Wata wasika daga Dickens zuwa ga magatakarda na majalisa a watan Maris ta nuna cewa an miƙa shi kuma ya yarda da Baronetcy, wanda ba a buga shi ba kafin mutuwarsa.[1] Kalmominsa na ƙarshe sun kasance "A ƙasa" don amsa buƙatun surukinsa Georgina cewa ya kwanta.[2][1] A ranar Lahadi, 19 ga Yuni 1870, kwana biyar bayan an binne Dickens a cikin Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley ya gabatar da waƙar tunawa, yana yaba da "mai ban dariya mai ban sha'awa da ƙauna wanda muke makoki yanzu", don nunawa da nasa misalin "cewa ko da a cikin hulɗa da mafi duhu da mafi ƙasƙanci, basira har yanzu na iya zama mai tsabta, kuma farin ciki na iya zama marar laifi". Da yake nuna sabbin furanni da suka yi wa kabarin marubucin ado, Stanley ya tabbatar wa waɗanda ke wurin cewa "wurin zai zama mai tsarki tare da Sabon Duniya da Tsohon, kamar na wakilin wallafe-wallafen, ba na wannan tsibirin kawai ba, amma na duk waɗanda ke magana da harshenmu na Turanci".[3]A cikin wasiƙarsa, wanda aka rubuta fiye da shekara guda kafin mutuwarsa, Dickens ya bar kula da dukiyarsa ta £ 80,000 (£ 8,000,000 a 2025) ga abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci John Forster da "mafi kyawun abokinsa na gaskiya" Georgina Hogarth wanda, tare da 'ya'yan Dickens guda biyu, sun kuma sami adadin ba tare da haraji ba na £ 8,000 (daidai da £ 800,000 a 2025). [182][182]Ya tabbatar da alawus na shekara-shekara na matarsa Catherine na £ 600 (£ 60,000 a cikin 2025).[182]Ya ba da kyautar £ 19s (£ 2,000 a 2025) [182] ga kowane ma'aikaci a aikinsa a lokacin mutuwarsa.[1]
salon Literary
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyar Dickens game da littafin ta rinjayi abubuwa daban-daban, gami da al'adar litattafan picaresque, [1] melodrama [2] da kuma littafin hankali. [3] A cewar Ackroyd, ban da waɗannan, watakila mafi mahimmancin tasirin wallafe-wallafen a kansa ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyoyin The Arabian Nights . [4] Satire da irony sune tsakiya ga littafin picaresque.[5] Comedy kuma wani bangare ne na al'adar litattafan Burtaniya na Laurence Sterne, Henry Fielding da Tobias Smollett . Tom Jones na Fielding ya kasance babban tasiri ga marubucin littafi na karni na 19 ciki har da Dickens, wanda ya karanta shi tun yana saurayi kuma ya sanya masa suna Henry Fielding Dickens. [6][7][8] Tasirin Gothic fiction - wani nau'in wallafe-wallafen da ya fara da The Castle of Otranto (1764) na Horace Walpole - Dickens ya haɗa hotuna na Gothic, saituna da na'urorin mãkirci a cikin ayyukansa.[9] Gothic na Victorian ya koma daga manyan gidaje da masallatai zuwa cikin birane na zamani: musamman London, kamar Dickens's Oliver Twist da Bleak House . amarya da aka watsar Miss Havisham daga Babban tsammanin yana daya daga cikin sanannun abubuwan da Dickens ya kirkira; yana zaune a cikin wani gidan da aka rushe, rigarta ta amarya tana ninka yadda ya kamata a matsayin rufin jana'izarta.[10]Babu wani marubuci da ke da tasiri sosai ga Dickens kamar William Shakespeare. A kan girmamawar Dickens ga Shakespeare, Alfred Harbage ya rubuta a cikin A Kind of Power: The Shakespeare-Dickens Analogy (1975) cewa "Babu wanda ya fi cancanta ya gane ƙwarewar wallafe-wallafen fiye da ƙwarewar adabi".[1] Game da Shakespeare a matsayin "babban maigidan" wanda wasansa "sun kasance tushen farin ciki ba tare da bayyanawa ba", dangantakar rayuwar Dickens da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ta haɗa da ganin wasan kwaikwayo na wasansa a London da kuma sanya wasan kwaikwayo na amateur tare da abokai a farkon shekarunsa.[1] A cikin 1838, Dickens ya yi tafiya zuwa Stratford-upon-Avon kuma ya ziyarci gidan da aka haifi Shakespeare, ya bar sautin sa a cikin littafin baƙi. Dickens zai yi amfani da wannan gogewa a cikin aikinsa na gaba, Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39), yana nuna ƙarfin jin da baƙi suka samu a wurin haihuwar Shakespeare: halin Mrs Wititterly ya ce, "Ban san yadda yake ba, amma bayanHanyar rubuce-rubucen Dickens tana da alamar ƙwarewar harshe.[1] Satire, yana bunƙasa a cikin kyautarsa don caricature, shine ƙarfinsa. Wani mai bita na farko ya kwatanta shi da mai zane-zane kuma mai sukar zamantakewa Hogarth saboda kyakkyawar ma'anarsa game da bangaren rayuwa, kodayake shahararrensa na nau'ikan yaren aji na iya nuna ainihin tarurruka na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani.[2] Dickens ya yi aiki sosai kan bunkasa sunayen kamawa ga halayensa waɗanda za su sake maimaitawa tare da ƙungiyoyi ga masu karatu da kuma taimakawa ci gaban abubuwan da ke cikin labarin, yana ba da abin da wani mai sukar ya kira "mahimmanci" ga ma'anar litattafan.[1] Don ambaton daya daga cikin misalai da yawa, sunan Mista Murdstone a cikin David Copperfield yana haifar da alamun tagwaye ga kisan kai da sanyi na dutse.[3] Halin wallafe-wallafensa kuma cakuda ne na fantasy da hakikanin gaskiya. Kalmomin da ya yi game da girman kai na aristocratic na Burtaniya - yana kiran wani hali "Noble Refrigerator" - sau da yawa sananne ne. Idan aka kwatanta marayu da hannun jari da hannun jari, mutane don jan jiragen ruwa ko baƙi na biki zuwa kayan ɗaki wasu ne kawai daga cikin shahararrun jiragen Dickens. A kan ikonsa na samun amsa daga ayyukansa, marubuciyar rubutun Ingilishi Sarah Phelps ta rubuta, "Ya san yadda za a yi aiki da masu sauraro da kuma yadda za a sa su dariya da kawunansu minti daya ko a gefen kujerunsu kuma su riƙe numfashin su na gaba. Wani abu game da Dickens shine cewa yana son ba da labaransa kuma yana son halayensa, har ma da wadanda ba su da tsoro, masu tausayi. "[4]Marubucin ya yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane, yana ba su taƙaitaccen aikin da farko kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da cewa haruffa da saitunansa daidai ne yadda ya hango su. Ya sanar da mai zane game da shirye-shiryen kowane wata don aikin ya fara kafin ya rubuta su. Marcus Stone, mai zane-zane na Our Mutual Friend, ya tuna cewa marubucin koyaushe "a shirye yake ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da halaye na mutum, da ... tarihin rayuwa na abubuwan da ya kirkira".[1] Dickens ya yi amfani da Cockney English a yawancin ayyukansa, yana nuna ma'aikatan London. Cockney grammar ya bayyana a cikin sharuddan kamar ain't, kuma ana yawan cire consonants a cikin kalmomi, kamar a cikin 'a nan (a nan) da wot (abin da). Misali na wannan amfani yana cikin Oliver Twist. The Artful Dodger yana amfani da yaren cockney wanda aka haɗa shi da 'daidai' Turanci na Oliver, lokacin da Dodger ya sake maimaita Oliver yana cewa "bakwai" tare da "sivin".[2][3]Mawallafin tarihin Dickens Claire Tomalin ya dauke shi a matsayin mafi girman mahaliccin haruffa a cikin almara na Turanci bayan Shakespeare.[1] Haruffa na Dickensian suna daga cikin wadanda ba za a iya mantawa da su ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, musamman saboda sunayensu masu ban sha'awa. Kamar scrooge" id="mwBoM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley da Bob Cratchit (A Christmas Carol); Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin da Bill Sikes (Oliver Twist); Pip, Miss Havisham, Estella da Abel Magwitch (Great Expectations); Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay da Madam Defarge (A Tale of Two Cities); David Copperfield, Uriah Heep da Mr Micaw (David Copperfield), Fagin da Nell Trent (The Old Crusity da Wwick) sun wuce wasu lokuta ne don haka sanannun Sker) don haka sananne[2]Sau da yawa ana iya mantawa da halayensa har suka ɗauki rayuwarsu a waje da littattafansa. "Gamp" ya laima magana ce ta yaren da ba a iya sarrafawa ba daga halin Mrs Gamp saboda koyaushe tana ɗauke da ɗaya, kuma "Pickwickian", "Pecksniffian" da "Gradgrind" duk sun shiga ƙamus saboda hotunan Dickens na asali na irin waɗannan haruffa waɗanda suka kasance, bi da bi, masu son kai, munafunci da kuma masu gaskiya.[1] Sam Weller, halin da ya sa Dickens ya shahara, ya zama sananne ga Wellerisms - layi ɗaya wanda ke juya karin magana a kan kawunansu.[2]An samo haruffa da yawa daga rayuwa ta ainihi: Misis Nickleby ta dogara ne akan mahaifiyarsa, kodayake ba ta gane kanta a cikin hoton ba, [1] kamar yadda aka gina Mista Micawber daga fannoni na 'rhetorical exuberance' na mahaifinsa; [2] Harold Skimpole a Bleak House ya dogara ne akan James Henry Leigh Hunt; matarsa mai kula da cutar dwarfish chiropodist ta gane kanta cikin Miss Mowcher a David Copperfield .[3] Wataƙila ra'ayoyin Dickens a taron da ya yi da Hans Christian Andersen ya sanar da ƙaddamar da Uriah Heep (kalma ɗaya da sycophant). [4]Virginia Woolf ta ci gaba da cewa "mun sake fasalin yanayin tunaninmu lokacin da muka karanta Dickens" yayin da yake samar da "haruffa waɗanda ba su wanzu ba a cikin daki-daki ba, ba daidai ba ko daidai ba, amma da yawa a cikin tarin maganganun daji amma masu ban mamaki".[1] T. S. Eliot ya rubuta cewa Dickens "ya yi fice a cikin hali; a cikin halittar haruffa masu ƙarfi fiye da mutane".[2] Ɗaya daga cikin "haruffa" da aka zana a cikin litattafansa shine London kanta.[3] Dickens ya bayyana London a matsayin fitilar sihiri, wanda ke karfafa wurare da mutane a yawancin litattafansa.[4] Daga gidajen horar da masu horar da shi a gefen birnin zuwa ƙananan Thames, duk fannoni na babban birnin - Dickens's London - an bayyana su a yayin aikinsa.[4] Yin tafiya a kan tituna (musamman a kusa da London) ya zama wani bangare na rayuwarsa ta rubuce-rubuce, yana haifar da kirkirarsa. An san Dickens da tafiya a kai a kai a kalla mil goma sha biyu (19 km) a kowace rana, kuma sau ɗaya ya rubuta, "Idan ba zan iya tafiya da sauri da nisa ba, ya kamata in fashe kuma in hallaka. "[5] Marubutan galibi suna zana hotunan halayen su daga mutanen da suka sani a rayuwa ta ainihi. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar David Copperfield a matsayin tarihin rayuwar Dickens. Abubuwan da suka faru a kotun da ba su da iyaka da muhawara ta shari'a a cikin Bleak House sun nuna abubuwan da Dickens ya samu a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a da mai ba da rahoto na kotu, kuma musamman kwarewarsa kai tsaye game da jinkirin tsarin doka a lokacin 1844 lokacin da ya kai karar masu bugawa a Chancery don keta haƙƙin mallaka.[1] An tura mahaifin Dickens zuwa kurkuku saboda bashin, kuma wannan ya zama jigon gama gari a yawancin littattafansa, tare da cikakken bayanin rayuwa a gidan yarin Marshalsea a Little Dorrit wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da Dickens ya samu game da ma'aikatar.[2] Lucy Stroughill, ƙaunatacciyar yarinya, na iya shafar yawancin hotunan Dickens na 'yan mata kamar Little Em'ly a cikin David Copperfield da Lucie Manette a cikin A Tale of Two Cities . [3][1]Dickens na iya yin amfani da abubuwan da ya samu tun yana yaro, amma kuma yana jin kunyar su kuma ba zai bayyana cewa wannan shine inda ya tattara ainihin bayanansa na lalata ba. Mutane kalilan ne suka san cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarsa ta farko har zuwa shekaru shida bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin da John Forster ya buga tarihin rayuwar da Dickens ya yi aiki tare. Kodayake Skimpole ya aika da Leigh Hunt, wasu masu sukar sun gano a cikin hotonsa siffofin Dickens kansa, wanda ya nemi ya fitar da shi ta hanyar nuna kansa.[1]Wani jagora na jerin wallafe-wallafen almara, Dickens ya rubuta mafi yawan manyan litattafansa a cikin kowane wata ko mako-mako a cikin mujallu kamar Master Humphrey's Clock da Household Words, daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin littafi.[1][2] Wadannan sassan sun sanya labarun da za a iya samun su kuma suna da sauƙin samu, tare da masu sauraro da aka rarraba daidai a duk matakan samun kudin shiga fiye da baya.[3] Tsarinsa na asali ya yi wahayi zuwa ga labarin da zai bincika kuma ya bunkasa a duk lokacin da yake aiki, kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa na yau da kullun sun sa kowane sabon labari ya zama ana sa ransa sosai. [4][3] Lokacin da ake tsara Tsohon Shagon Curiosity, magoya bayan Amurka sun jira a tashar jiragen ruwa a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta New York, suna ihu ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya mai shigowa, "Shin ƙaramin Nell ya mutu?" [5]Dickens ya sami damar haɗa wannan salon rubuce-rubuce na episodic amma har yanzu ya ƙare tare da wani labari mai ma'ana a ƙarshen. Ya rubuta, "Dole ne a shirya abu don gabatarwar a cikin waɗannan raguwa, kuma duk da haka daga baya a haɗu tare a matsayin cikakke".[6]Wani muhimmin tasiri na salon rubuce-rubucen Dickens ya samo asali ne daga bayyanarsa ga ra'ayoyin masu karatu da abokansa. Abokinsa Forster yana da hannu mai mahimmanci wajen sake nazarin rubuce-rubucensa, tasirin da ya wuce batutuwan rubutu; ya rage yawan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wuce gona da iri, ya yanke dogon wurare (kamar labarin Quilp da ya nitse a cikin Tsohon Shagon Curiosity), kuma ya ba da shawarwari game da makirci da hali. Shi ne wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a fanshe Charley Bates a cikin Oliver Twist . Dickens bai yi tunanin kashe Little Nell ba kuma Forster ne ya shawarce shi da ya ji daɗin wannan yiwuwar kamar yadda ya cancanta ga tunaninsa na jarumi.[1] Lokacin da a 1863 mai karatun Ingilishi na Yahudawa Eliza Davis ya rubuta don tsawata masa saboda "ya karfafa mummunan nuna bambanci ga Ibrananci da aka raina" tare da halin Fagin a cikin Oliver Twist, Dickens ya dakatar da bugawa ta biyu na littafin kuma ya yi wasu canje-canje ga asalin rubutun 1837.[2] Ya kuma kirkiro wani rukuni na halayen Yahudawa masu tausayi a cikin littafinsa na gaba, Our Mutual Friend, wanda aka buga 1864-1865.[3]A kan jagora a cikin shahararrun cliffhangers da wallafe-wallafen Victorian, [1] ana iya ganin tasirin Dickens a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da jerin fina-finai, tare da The Guardian yana mai cewa "DNA na Dickens mai aiki, ba da labari, wanda aka kawo a cikin sassan kuma yana cike da cliffhanger da karkatarwa, ana iya gano shi a cikin komai. "[2]Har ila yau, jerin litattafansa sun jawo tsokaci daga wasu marubutan. A cikin littafin marubucin Scotland Robert Louis Stevenson mai suna The Wrecker, Kyaftin Nares, yana binciken wani jirgin da aka watsar, ya ce: "Dubi! Suna rubuta katako, "in ji Nares, tana nuna kwalban tawada. "Na kama barci, kamar yadda ya saba. Ina mamakin idan akwai kyaftin din duk da haka ya rasa jirgin ruwa tare da littafinsa har zuwa yau? Gabaɗaya yana da kusan wata ɗaya don cika hutu mai tsabta, kamar Charles Dickens da litattafansa na jerin. "[3]Littattafan Dickens sun kasance, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ayyukan sharhi na zamantakewa. Simon Callow ya ce, "Tun lokacin da ya fara rubutu, ya yi magana ga mutane, kuma mutane suna son shi saboda hakan".[1]Ya kasance mai sukar talauci da rarraba zamantakewar al'ummar Victorian. A cikin adireshin New York, ya bayyana imaninsa cewa "Kyakkyawan yana nunawa sosai a cikin rags da patches kamar yadda ta yi a cikin purple da fine linen".[2] Littafin Dickens na biyu, Oliver Twist (1839), ya girgiza masu karatu da hotunan talauci da aikata laifuka: ya kalubalanci jayayya ta matsakaicin matsayi game da masu laifi, yana sa ba zai yiwu a yi wani abu ba game da jahilci game da abin da talauci ya haifar.[3][4] A yau, Dickensian kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita ga yanayin zamantakewar al'umma ko cibiyoyin da suka yi kama da waɗanda Dickens ya yi tir da su a cikin aikinsa, tare da farfesa na Oxford Peter Conrad yana rubuta, "Dickens, kamar Banksy, ya rubuta rubutun annabci a kan bango. "[5]A lokacin da Burtaniya ta kasance babbar ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa a duniya, Dickens ya nuna rayuwar talakawa da aka manta da su a cikin al'umma. Ta hanyar aikin jarida ya yi kamfen a kan takamaiman batutuwa - kamar tsabtace muhalli da gidan aiki - amma almara ya nuna karfinsa mafi girma wajen canza ra'ayin jama'a game da rashin daidaito na aji. Sau da yawa yakan nuna cin zarafi da zalunci ga matalauta kuma ya hukunta jami'an gwamnati da cibiyoyin da ba wai kawai sun ba da damar irin wannan cin zarafin ba, amma sun bunƙasa a sakamakon haka. Babban zargi da ya yi game da wannan yanayin shine a cikin Hard Times (1854), Dickens kawai ya yi amfani da shi game da ma'aikatan masana'antu. A cikin wannan aikin, yana amfani da vitriol da satire don kwatanta yadda masu mallakar masana'antar suka kira wannan rukunin zamantakewar da aka ware "Hands"; wato, ba ainihin "mutane" ba amma kawai kayan aikin injunan da suke aiki. Rubuce-rubucensa sun yi wa wasu wahayi, musamman 'yan jarida da' yan siyasa, don magance irin waɗannan matsalolin zalunci. Misali, wuraren kurkuku a cikin Pickwick Papers an yi iƙirarin cewa sun kasance masu tasiri wajen rufe Kurkukun Fleet. Karl Marx ya tabbatar da cewa Dickens "ya ba duniya gaskiya na siyasa da zamantakewa fiye da yadda duk masu sana'a 'yan siyasa, masu tallatawa da masu ɗabi'a suka haɗu".[1] George Bernard Shaw har ma ya ce Babban tsammanin ya fi tawaye fiye da Das Kafinal na Marx. [1] Shahararren litattafan Dickens, har ma da waɗanda ke da jigogi na adawa da zamantakewa (Bleak House, 1853; Little Dorrit, 1857; Our Mutual Friend, 1865), ba wai kawai ya jaddada ikonsa na ƙirƙirar labarun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, har ma ya tabbatar da cewa jama'ar Victoria sun fuskanci batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa waɗanda aka yi watsi da su. Bleak House, satire na shari'o'in shari'a masu tsawo tare da Jarndyce da Jarnd Joyce - shari'ar Chancery mai tsawo wanda kotuna suka ambata a matsayin alama ce ta shari'ar shari'a da ke ci gaba da kasancewa - babban makircin littafin, ya taimaka wajen tallafawa yunkurin sake fasalin shari'a wanda ya ƙare a aiwatar da sake fasalin doka a Ingila a cikin shekarun 1870.[2]Sau da yawa ana bayyana Dickens kamar yadda yake amfani da haruffa masu kyau da kuma al'amuran da ke da matukar damuwa don bambanta da zane-zanensa da kuma mummunar gaskiyar zamantakewar da ya bayyana. Labarin Nell Trent a cikin The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) an karbe shi a matsayin mai motsawa sosai daga masu karatu na zamani amma Oscar Wilde ya kalli shi a matsayin abin ban dariya. "Dole ne mutum ya sami zuciyar dutse don karanta mutuwar ƙaramar Nell", in ji shi a cikin sanannen sanarwa, "ba tare da narkewa cikin hawaye ba ... na dariya. "[1][2]G. K. Chesterton ya bayyana cewa, "Ba mutuwar ƙaramar Nell ba ce, amma rayuwar ƙaramar Nell, wadda na ƙi", yana jayayya cewa tasirin da ya yi game da rayuwarsa ya kasance saboda yanayin jin daɗin Dickens, amfani da "rashin hankali" na jin daɗin mutane don motsa su hawaye a cikin ayyukan kamar wannan.[3]Tambayar ko Dickens na cikin al'adar littafin mai ban sha'awa tana da muhawara. Valerie Purton, a cikin littafinta Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition, ta gan shi yana ci gaba da bangarorin wannan al'ada, kuma yana jayayya cewa "al'amuran da halayen sa [suna] da mahimmanci ga ikon litattafan gaba ɗaya kamar yadda ya fi duhu ko masu ban dariya da al'amuransa", kuma cewa "Dombey da Son shine [ ... ] babbar nasara ta Dickens a cikin al'adun jin dadi".[are][1] Encyclopædia Britannica ta yanar gizo ta yi sharhi cewa, duk da "ƙididdigar wuce gona da iri", kamar mutuwar da aka ruwaito na Tiny Tim a cikin A Christmas Carol (1843), "Ba za a iya kiran Dickens a matsayin marubucin labari ba".[2]A cikin Oliver Twist, Dickens ya ba masu karatu hoto mai kyau na wani yaro wanda ya dace da gaske kuma ba daidai ba ne cewa dabi'unsa ba su taɓa lalacewa ta hanyar marayu masu zalunci ko tilasta shiga cikin ƙungiyar matasa masu fashi ba. Duk da yake litattafan da suka biyo baya sun kuma mayar da hankali kan haruffa masu kyau (Esther Summerson a Bleak House da Amy Dorrit a Little Dorrit), wannan manufa tana aiki ne kawai don nuna burin Dickens na sharhin zamantakewa. Labarin Dickens, wanda ke nuna abin da ya yi imanin gaskiya ne game da rayuwarsa, yana amfani da daidaituwa akai-akai, ko dai don sakamako mai ban dariya ko don jaddada ra'ayin tanadi.[1] Misali, Oliver Twist ya zama dan uwan da ya ɓace na dangin da suka fi girma wanda ya cece shi daga haɗarin ƙungiyar masu fashi. Irin waɗannan daidaituwa sune mahimman litattafan picaresque na ƙarni na 18, kamar Tom Jones na Henry Fielding, wanda Dickens ya ji daɗin karantawa tun yana saurayi
mai mai ci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dickens shine mafi mashahuriyar marubuta na lokacinsa, [1] kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin sanannun marubuta na Ingilishi. Ayyukansa ba su taɓa fita daga bugawa ba, kuma an daidaita su akai-akai don allo tun lokacin da aka kirkiro fim, tare da akalla fina-finai 200 da gyare-gyaren talabijin bisa ga ayyukan Dickens da aka rubuta.[2][3][4] Yawancin ayyukansa an daidaita su don mataki a lokacin rayuwarsa - shirye-shiryen farko sun haɗa da The Haunted Man wanda aka yi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adelphi na West End a 1848 - kuma, tun farkon 1901, fim din Burtaniya mai suna Scrooge, ko, Walter R. Booth ne ya yi Marley's Ghost . [5] Masu zamani irin su mai bugawa Edward Lloyd sun yi amfani da shahararren Dickens tare da yin koyi da litattafansa, wanda ya haifar da sanannun 'penny dreadfuls'.[6]Dickens ya kirkiro wasu sanannun haruffa na almara a duniya kuma mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban marubucin littafin Burtaniya na Zamanin Victorian.[1] Tun daga farkon aikinsa a cikin shekarun 1830, an kwatanta nasarorin da ya samu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi da na Shakespeare.[2] Sunan wallafe-wallafen Dickens, duk da haka, ya fara raguwa tare da bugawa na Bleak House a cikin 1852-53. Philip Collins ya kira Bleak House "wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin Dickens". Masu bita da adadi na wallafe-wallafen a cikin shekarun 1850, 1860 da 1870, sun ga "rugujewar raguwa" a cikin Dickens, daga marubucin "haskakawa mai ban sha'awa ... zuwa duhu da kuma sharhin zamantakewa mai tsanani. "[3][4] The Spectator ya kira Bleak House "littafi mai nauyi don karantawa a lokaci guda ... mai banƙyama da gajiya a matsayin jerin"; Richard Simpson, a cikin The Rambler, ya nuna Hard Times a matsayin "wannan tsarin banƙyama"; Mujallar Fraser ta yi tunanin Little Dorrit "mafi munin litattafansa".[5] Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan "ƙaruwar ajiya tsakanin masu bita da ɗalibai masu magana, ' jama'a ba su taɓa barin abin da suka fi so ba'". Shahararren Dickens bai canza ba, tallace-tallace sun ci gaba da tashi, kuma Kalmomin Gida kuma daga baya All the Year Round sun ci nasara sosai.[5]Yayin da aikinsa ya ci gaba, shahararren Dickens da bukatar karatun jama'a ba su da alaƙa. A cikin 1868, The Times ya rubuta, "A cikin dukkan 'karatun', na Mista Charles Dickens suna tsaye shi kaɗai".Wani marubucin tarihin Dickens, Edgar Johnson, ya rubuta cewa: "Yana da [ko da yaushe] fiye da karatu; wani nune-nunen wasan kwaikwayo ne na musamman wanda ya kama masu sauraron sa tare da mallakar mesmeric. "Marubucin David Lodge ya kira shi "marubucin farko da ya zama abin sha'awa da kuma girmamawa ga jama'a".[1] Juliet John ta goyi bayan da'awar Dickens "don a kira shi tauraron kafofin watsa labarai na farko na duniya na zamanin al'adun jama'a".[1] Kalmar "mashahuri" ta fara bayyana a cikin Oxford English Dictionary a 1851, kuma BBC ta ce "Charles Dickens yana ɗaya daga cikin adadi na farko da za a kira ɗaya".[2] Idan aka kwatanta karbar bakinsa a karatun jama'a da na tauraron zamani - BBC ta kwatanta karbarsa a Amurka da Beatles - The Guardian ya ce, "Mutane wani lokacin sukan fadi a wasansa. Ayyukansa har ma sun ga hauhawar wannan sabon abu na zamani, 'mai hasashe' ko tikitin (scalpers) - waɗanda ke Birnin New York sun tsere wa ganowa ta hanyar karɓar hatuna masu daraja daga masu hidima a gidajen cin abinci da ke kusa".[2][3]Daga cikin 'yan uwan marubuta, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da Dickens. William Wordsworth ya yi tunanin shi "mutumin da ke magana sosai, mai lalata", ya kara da cewa bai karanta wani layi na aikinsa ba, yayin da marubucin littafin George Meredith (1828-1909) ya sami Dickens "rashin hankali".[1] A cikin 1888 Leslie Stephen ya yi sharhi a cikin Dictionary of National Biography cewa "idan za a iya auna shahararren wallafe-wallafen lafiya ta hanyar shahara tare da rabin ilimi, Dickens dole ne ya yi ikirarin matsayi mafi girma tsakanin marubuta na Turanci". [2] Anthony Trollope's Autobiography ya shahara ya bayyana Thackeray, ba Dickens ba, a matsayin mafi girman marubucin zamani. Koyaya, duka Leo Tolstoy da Fyodor Dostoyevsky masu sha'awar ne. Dostoyevsky ya yi sharhi: "Mun fahimci Dickens a Rasha, na gamsu, kusan kamar yadda Ingilishi yake, watakila ma da duk wani abu. Wataƙila muna son shi ba kasa da 'yan kasarsa ba. Kuma duk da haka yadda Dickens yake asali, kuma yadda Ingilishi sosai!"[3]Tolstoy ya ambaci David Copperfield a matsayin littafin da ya fi so, kuma daga baya ya karɓi littafin a matsayin "a model for his autobiographical reflections".[4] Marubucin Faransanci Jules Verne ya kira Dickens marubucin da ya fi so, yana rubuta litattafansa "tsayawa shi kaɗai, ya fi sauran mutane girma ta hanyar ikon da farin cikin magana".[5] Mai zane na Dutch Vincent van Gogh ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga litattafan Dickens a cikin zane-zanensa da yawa, kamar Vincent's Chair, kuma a cikin wata wasika ta 1889 ga 'yar'uwarsa ta bayyana cewa karanta Dickens, musamman A Christmas Carol, yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke hana shi kashe kansa.[6] Oscar Wilde gabaɗaya ya raina yadda yake nuna halayensa, yayin da yake sha'awar kyautarsa ta caricature.[7] Henry James ya musanta shi matsayin firaminista, yana kiransa "mafi girma daga cikin marubuta masu ban sha'awa": Dickens ya kasa ba da halayensa da zurfin tunani, kuma litattafan, "masu banƙyama", sun ci amanar "kungiyar cavalier".[8][9] Joseph Conrad ya bayyana yarantakarsa a cikin maganganun Dickensian marasa tausayi, yana mai lura da cewa yana da "ƙauna mai tsanani da rashin ma'ana" ga Bleak House tun daga ƙuruciyarsa. Littafin ya rinjayi hotonsa na London a cikin The Secret Agent (1907). [4] Virginia Woolf tana da dangantaka ta soyayya da Dickens, ta sami litattafansa "masu ban sha'awa" yayin da take tabbatar da shi saboda jin daɗinsa da salon da ya saba da shi.[10]A kusa da 1940-41, halin masu sukar wallafe-wallafen ya fara dumi ga Dickens - wanda George Orwell ya jagoranta a cikin Inside the Whale and Other Essays (Maris 1940), Edmund Wilson a cikin The Wound and the Bow (1941) da Humphry House a cikin Dickens and His World . [1] Koyaya, har ma a cikin 1948, F. R. Leavis, a cikin Babban Hadisi, ya tabbatar da cewa "tunani na manya ba ya samun ƙalubale a cikin Dickens ga ƙalubalen da ba a saba gani ba kuma mai ɗorewa"; Dickens hakika babban basira ne, "amma basira shine na babban mai nishadantarwa", kodayake daga baya ya canza ra'ayinsa tare da Dickens the Novelist (1970, tare da Q. (Queenie) Leavis): "Manufarinmu mafi girma", sun rubuta, " shine tilasta yadda ba tare da amsawa ba tare da yiwuwar Dickens ya dace ba".[2][3] A cikin 1944 darektan fina-finai na Soviet kuma masanin fim Sergei Eisenstein ya rubuta wata kasida game da tasirin Dickens a kan fina-fallace, kamar yankewa - inda labaru biyu ke gudana tare da juna, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin litattafai kamar Oliver Twist . [4]A cikin shekarun 1950, "an fara sake tantancewa da sake gyara ayyukan, kuma masu sukar sun sami mafi kyawun zane-zane da zurfin zurfin ya kasance a cikin litattafan baya: Bleak House, Little Dorrit da Great Expectations - kuma (ƙasa ɗaya) a cikin Hard Times da Abokinmu".[1] Dickens na daga cikin marubutan da Roald Dahl ya fi so; marubucin yara mafi kyawun siyarwa zai haɗa da litattafan Dickens guda uku daga cikin waɗanda aka karanta ta hanyar taken a cikin littafinsa na 1988 Matilda . [2] A shekara ta 2005, Paul McCartney, mai son karanta Dickens, ya kira Nicholas Nickleby littafin da ya fi so. A kan Dickens ya ce, "Ina son duniyar da ya kai ni. Ina son kalmominsa; Ina son harshe", ya kara da cewa, "Yawancin abubuwan da nake da su - irin Dickensian ne".[3]Mawallafin rubutun Jonathan Nolan na The Dark Knight Rises (2012) ya samo asali ne daga A Tale of Two Cities, tare da Nolan yana kiran kwatancin Paris a cikin littafin "ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da suka fi jin daɗi na wayewar da aka sani, wanda ya ninka gaba ɗaya".[4] A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, ranar cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Dickens, Philip Womack ya rubuta a cikin The Telegraph: "Yau babu wanda ya tsere wa Charles Dickens. Ba cewa akwai damar da ta fi dacewa da hakan ba. Yana da zurfi, na musamman a kanmu".[5]
gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gidajen tarihi da bukukuwan da ke murna da rayuwar Dickens da ayyukansa sun kasance a wurare da yawa waɗanda Dickens ke da alaƙa da su. Wadannan sun hada da Gidan Tarihi na Charles Dickens a London, gidan tarihi inda ya rubuta Oliver Twist, The Pickwick Papers da Nicholas Nickleby; da Gidan Gidan Tarihin Charles Dickens da ke Portsmouth, gidan da aka haife shi.[1][2] Rubutun asali na yawancin litattafansa, da kuma shaidar masu bugawa, bugu na farko da zane-zane daga tarin abokin Dickens John Forster ana gudanar da su a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert.[3] Shawarwarin Dickens ya tsara cewa ba za a gina wani abin tunawa ba don girmama shi - "Ina kira ga abokaina ba tare da wani dalili ba don sanya ni batun kowane abin tunawa, abin tunawa ko shaida ko wani abu ba. Na kwantar da'ata don tunawa da kasar ta a kan ayyukan da aka buga. "[4] Duk da haka, wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Dickens mai suna Dickens da Little Nell, wanda Francis Edwin Elwell ya jefa a 1890, yana tsaye a Clark Park a unguwar Spruce Hill na Philadelphia, Amurka. Wani mutum-mutumi mai girman Dickens yana cikin Centennial Park a Sydney, Australia.[5] A cikin 1960 an ba da izini ga wani zane-zane na Dickens, musamman wanda ke nuna haruffa daga littattafansa, daga mai zane-zane Estcourt J Clack don yin ado da ginin ofishin da aka gina a shafin tsohon gidansa a 1 Devonshire Terrace, London. [6] A cikin shekara ta 2014, an bayyana wani mutum-mutumi mai girman gaske a kusa da wurin haihuwarsa a Portsmouth a ranar cika shekaru 202 da haihuwarsa; jikokin jikokin jikoki, Ian da Gerald Dickens ne suka goyi bayan wannan.[7][8]Wataƙila Carol ta Kirsimeti ita ce sanannen labarinta, tare da sauye-sauye da yawa. Har ila yau, shi ne mafi yawan fina-finai na labarun Dickens, tare da nau'o'i da yawa daga farkon shekarun fim.[1] A cewar masanin tarihi Ronald Hutton halin yanzu na kiyaye Kirsimeti galibi sakamakon farfadowar Victorian ne na hutun da A Christmas Carol ke jagoranta. Dickens ya haifar da Kirsimeti mai tasowa a matsayin bikin iyali na karimci, ya bambanta da raguwar al'umma da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin coci, yayin da sabbin tsammanin matsakaicin matsakaicin suka taso.[2] Siffofinsa na asali (Scrooge, Tiny Tim, fatalwowi na Kirsimeti) sun shiga cikin al'adun Yamma. "Kirsimeti mai farin ciki", sanannen magana daga labarin, ya shahara bayan bayyanar labarin.[3] Kalmar Scrooge ta zama ma'anar mai tausayi, kuma furcinsa "Bah! Humbug!'", watsi da ruhun biki, haka kuma ya sami kuɗi a matsayin karin magana.[4] Marubucin littafin Victorian William Makepeace Thackeray ya kira littafin "amfanin ƙasa, kuma ga kowane namiji da mace da ke karanta shi alheri ne na mutum".[1]An tuna da Dickens a kan takardar kudi ta £ 10 da Bankin Ingila ya bayar wanda ya bazu tsakanin 1992 da 2003. Hotonsa ya bayyana a bayan bayanin tare da wani abu daga The Pickwick Papers . [1] Makarantar Charles Dickens makarantar sakandare ce a Broadstairs, Kent . [2] An bude wurin shakatawa, Dickens World, a Chatham daga 2007 zuwa 2016. Don bikin cika shekaru 200 da haihuwarsa a shekarar 2012, Gidan Tarihi na London ya gudanar da babban nune-nunen Burtaniya na farko a kan marubucin a cikin shekaru 40.[3] Daga Satumba 2011 zuwa Fabrairu 2012, Morgan Library & Museum a New York sun yi bikin tare da baje kolin Charles Dickens a 200 tare da rubuce-rubuce, hotuna, da zane-zane na asali.[4]A shekara ta 2002 Dickens ya kasance lamba 41 a cikin zaben BBC na 100 Greatest Britons . [1] Mai sukar wallafe-wallafen Amurka Harold Bloom ya sanya Dickens cikin Manyan marubutan Yammacin Turai na kowane lokaci.[2] A cikin binciken Burtaniya na 2003 The Big Read da BBC ta gudanar, an ambaci littattafan Dickens guda biyar a cikin Top 100.[3]'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka nuna Dickens a allon sun hada da Anthony Hopkins, Derek Jacobi, Simon Callow, Dan Stevens da Ralph Fiennes, wanda ke taka leda a cikin The Invisible Woman (2013) wanda ke nuna dangantakar soyayya ta sirri da Ellen Ternan wanda ya kasance na shekaru goma sha uku har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1870. [1]Dickens da wallafe-wallafensa sun bayyana a kan hatimi da yawa a kasashe ciki har da: United Kingdom (1970, 1993, 2011 da 2012 da Royal Mail ta bayar - tarin su na 2012 ya nuna bikin cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Dickens), [1] Tarayyar Soviet (1962), Antigua, Barbuda, Botswana, Kamaru, Dubai, Fujairah, Saint Lucia da Tsibirin Turks da Caicos (1970), Saint Vincent (1987), Nevis (2007), Alderney, Gibraltar, Jersey da Tsibirin Pitcairn (2012), Austria (2013) da Mozambique (2014).[2] A shekara ta 1976 an sanya wa wani rami a duniyar Mercury suna don girmama shi.[3]A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018 an ruwaito cewa an sami hoto mai shekaru 31 na Dickens, wanda Margaret Gillies ya yi, a Pietermaritzburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Gillies ta kasance mai goyon bayan farko na mata kuma ta zana hoton a ƙarshen 1843 lokacin da Dickens, mai shekaru 31, ya rubuta A Christmas Carol . An nuna shi, don yabo, a Royal Academy of Arts a 1844. [1] An bayar da rahoton cewa Gidan Tarihi na Charles Dickens ya biya £ 180,000 don hoton.[2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Black 2007, p. 735
paragraph
Takardun Pickwick (Takardu na Ƙarshe na Pickwick Club; jerin kowane wata, Afrilu 1836 zuwa Nuwamba 1837). [1] Littafin.
Oliver Twist (The Adventures of Oliver Twist; jerin kowane wata a cikin Bentley's Miscellany, Fabrairu 1837 zuwa Afrilu 1839). Littafin.
Nicholas Nickleby (The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickle By; jerin kowane wata, Afrilu 1838 zuwa Oktoba 1839). Littafin.
Tsohon Shagon Curiosity (serial na mako-mako a cikin Master Humphrey's Clock, Afrilu 1840 zuwa Nuwamba 1841). Littafin.
Barnaby Rudge (Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty; jerin mako-mako a cikin Master Humphrey's Clock, Fabrairu zuwa Nuwamba 1841). Littafin.
Martin Chuzzlewit (The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewin; jerin kowane wata, Janairu 1843 zuwa Yuli 1844). Littafin.
A Christmas Carol (A Christmas Carol in Prose: Kasancewa Ghost-story na Kirsimeti; 1843). Labari.
The Chimes (The Chimes: Labarin Goblin na Wasu Karrarawa da suka kasance Tsohon Shekara da Sabon Shekara a cikin; 1844). Labari.
The Cricket on the Hearth (The Cricket on The Hearth: A Fairy Tale of Home; 1845). Labari.
Dombey da Ɗa (Ma'amala tare da Kamfanin Dombey and Son: Kasuwanci, Kasuwanci da don fitarwa; jerin kowane wata, Oktoba 1846 zuwa Afrilu 1848). Littafin.
Yakin Rayuwa (Yaƙin Rayuwa: Labarin Ƙauna; 1846). Labari.
Mutumin da aka Haunted (The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain: Fansar Kirsimeti; 1848). Labari.
David Copperfield (Tarihin Mutum, Kasuwanci, Kwarewa da Bincike na David Copperwood the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery [Wanda Bai taɓa nufin Buga a kowane Asusun]; jerin kowane wata, Mayu 1849 zuwa Nuwamba 1850). Littafin.
Bleak House (a kowane wata, Maris 1852 zuwa Satumba 1853). Littafin.
Hard Times (Hard Times: Don Wadannan lokutan; jerin mako-mako a cikin Kalmomin Gida, 1 ga Afrilu 1854, zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1854). Littafin.
Little Dorrit (a kowane wata, Disamba 1855 zuwa Yuni 1857). Littafin.
A Tale of Two Cities (serial na mako-mako a cikin All the Year Round, 30 Afrilu 1859, zuwa 26 Nuwamba 1859). Littafin.
Babban tsammanin (serial na mako-mako a cikin All the Year Round, 1 ga Disamba 1860 zuwa 3 ga Agusta 1861). Littafin.
Abokinmu na Mutuwa (a kowane wata, Mayu 1864 zuwa Nuwamba 1865). Littafin.
Asirin Edwin Drood (serial na wata, Afrilu 1870 zuwa Satumba 1870). Littafin. An bar shi ba a gama shi ba saboda mutuwar Dickens
