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Coloureds

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Coloureds

Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Afirka ta kudu, Namibiya, Zimbabwe da Zambiya

Mutane masu launi ( Afrikaans ) mutane ne masu launin fata daban-daban a Afirka ta Kudu, Namibia, Botswana da kuma ƙaramin yanki na Zimbabwe da Zambia . Zuri'arsu ta samo asali ne daga gaurayar kabilu daban-daban da ta faru tsakanin Turawa, 'yan Afirka da kuma 'yan Asiya. Cakuda tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a Afirka ta Kudu ta fara ne a ƙarni na 17 a yankin Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland inda mazauna ƙasar Holland suka haɗu da mata Khoi Khoi da bayi mata daga sassa daban-daban na Afirka da Asiya, inda suka samar da yara masu launin fata daban-daban. [1] Daga ƙarshe, gaurayawan launin fata ya faru a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran Kudancin Afirka tare da wasu 'yan ƙasar Turai daban-daban (kamar Portugal, Birtaniya, Jamusawa, Irish, Faransawa da sauransu) waɗanda suka haɗu da sauran ƙabilun Afirka, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin mutanen da suka haɗa da launin fata daban-daban waɗanda daga baya aka sanya zuriyarsu a matsayin 'Masu Launi' a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rijistar Jama'a, 1950 a lokacin Wariyar Launin Fata. [2] [3] [4]

Yawancin mutanen da ke da launi suna samuwa a Yammacin Cape, amma suna da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Afirka ta Kudu ta 2022, Coloureds suna wakiltar 8.15% na mutane a cikin Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da suka kai 42.1% na yawan jama'a a Yammacin Cape da 41.6% a Arewacin Cape, suna wakiltar yawancin jama'a cikin waɗannan larduna biyu na Afirka ta Kudu.[5] A Yammacin Cape, wani nau'i na musamman na Cape Coloured da ke da alaƙa da al'adun Cape Malay ya ci gaba. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa kungiyar tana da mafi girman matakan kakanninmu a duniya.[6]

Tarihin kakanninmu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An san Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin 'al'umma mai laushi' saboda al'adu daban-daban, kabilun, kabilanci, addinai da ƙasashe.[7] Mutanen da ke da launi kamar yadda aka sani a yau sakamakon bambancin kakanninmu ne, yankuna, harsuna, da kabilun.[8]

Yankin Cape na Dutch / Yankin Cape

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mataki na farko da mafi girma na auren launin fata / gaurayewa a Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne a cikin Dutch Cape Colony da sauran Cape Colony wanda ya fara daga karni na 17, jim kadan bayan isowar mazauna Dutch, waɗanda Jan van Riebeeck ya jagoranta, ta hanyar Kamfanin Dutch East India (wanda aka fi sani da 'VOC'). [9] Lokacin da Dutch suka zauna a Cape a cikin 1652, sun sadu da Khoi Khoi waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin ne.[10] Bayan sun zauna a Cape, Dutch sun kafa gonaki waɗanda ke buƙatar aiki mai zurfi, saboda haka, sun tilasta bautar a Cape. Wasu daga cikin Khoi Khoi sun zama ma'aikata ga manoman Dutch a Cape. Duk da haka, akwai juriya daga Khoi Khoi, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Khoikhoi-Dutch.[11]

A sakamakon haka, Dutch sun shigo da bayi daga wasu sassan duniya, musamman Mutanen Malay daga Indonesia ta yanzu da Mutanen Bantu daga sassa daban-daban na Kudancin Afirka.[12] An kuma shigo da bayi daga Malaysia, Indiya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (wanda aka fi sani da 'Bengal'), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Madagascar, Mauritius da sauran Afirka.[13][14] Saboda wannan, Cape tana da yawan bayi daban-daban a duniya.[15] An ba wa bayi kusan sunayen Kirista amma an nuna wuraren da suka fito a cikin bayanan tallace-tallace da sauran takardu, don haka yana yiwuwa a kiyasta rabo na bayi daga yankuna daban-daban.[16] Yawancin lokaci, ana ba wa bayi sunayen iyayensu, sunayen da ke nufin haruffa a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki (misali Adams, Jephta, Thomas, Esau, Solomons, Jacobs, Matthews, Peters, Daniels), sunayen da suka nuna watan da suka isa Cape (misali Satumba, Maris / Maart, Janairu, Janairu / Janairu, Afrilu), sunayen waɗanda ke nufin tarihin Girkanci da Roman (misali Cupido, Titus, Hannibal) ko sunayen da Madagascar daga yankin da suka fito daga yankin 'Bali' daga yankin Madagascar[17][18][19] Wadannan bayi, duk da haka, sun warwatse kuma sun rasa asalin al'adunsu a tsawon lokaci.[20]

Ko da a farkon shekarun mulkin mallaka, yankin da aka fi sani da 'Cape Town', ya sami sha'awar kasa da kasa saboda cikakkiyar hanyar kasuwanci ce tsakanin Turai da Asiya, wanda ya sanya Cape Town muhimmiyar tashar kasuwanci.[21] Wannan shine babban dalilin da ya sa Dutch suka mallaki Cape don VOC ta iya sarrafawa da amfana daga Hanyar Cape-Sea. Wannan kuma shine babban dalilin da ya sa Dutch Cape Colony (musamman a Cape Town) ya zama tukunyar narkewar mutane waɗanda suka zo daga sassa daban-daban na duniya kuma wannan tukunyar mai narkewa har yanzu tana nan.[22] Yawancin mutanen Turai na farko da suka zauna a Cape maza ne saboda galibi 'yan kasuwa ne, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, sojoji, masu bincike, manoma da 'yan siyasa waɗanda ba su kawo iyalansu tare da su ba; sabili da haka, sun kirkiro sabbin iyalai a Cape.[23]

Saboda yawancin mazauna Dutch a Cape maza ne, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aure kuma sun haifi rukuni na farko na yara masu launin fata tare da matan Khoi Khoi na gida.[24] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowar bayi, mutanen Holland sun yi aure kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya masu launin fata tare da Malay daga Indonesia, Bantu na Kudancin Afirka, Indiyawa da sauran kabilun bayi a Cape.[25] Har zuwa wani mataki, bayi a Cape suna da ƙungiyoyin launin fata tare da juna kuma an haifi yara masu launin fata daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi saboda bayi sun kasance na kabilu daban-daban (Afirka da Asiya). [26] Wasu daga cikin wadannan bayi sun haɗu da ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi na gida kuma an haifi wasu nau'ikan yara tare da al'adu daban-daban.[26] Ba kamar mulkin One-drop a Amurka ba, mazauna Dutch a Cape ba su kalli yara masu launin fata a matsayin "fararen da ya isa ya zama fari", "baƙar fata don zama baƙar fata" ko "Asian da ya isa zama Asiya", sabili da haka, yara masu launin fatar da aka ba su daga duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin launin fata a Cape sun girma, sun haɗu kuma sun yi aure tsakanin kansu, sun kafa al'ummarsu ta Creole wanda daga baya za a san shi da "Cape Coloured" (kalin da mulkin wariyar launin fata ya ba su a lokacin karni na 20).[27]

Krotoa, wata mace ta Khoi Khoi wacce ita ce 'yar asalin Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta yi aure tsakanin launin fata

Aure na farko tsakanin launin fata a Cape ya kasance tsakanin Krotoa (mace Khoi Khoi wacce ta kasance bawa, mai fassara kuma mai tattaunawa mai mahimmanci tsakanin Dutch da Khoi Khui. Sunan Dutch dinta shine "Eva Van Meerhof") da Peter Havgard (wani likitan Danish wanda Dutch ya sake masa suna "Pieter Van Meerhof [28]). Bayan ta haifi 'ya'ya uku masu launin fata, an kuma san Krotoa a matsayin mahaifiyar da ta haifi al'ummar masu launi a Afirka ta Kudu.[29]

A ƙarshe, yawancin mutanen Holland sun zauna a Cape har sai Cape ta fada ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya a farkon karni na 19. [21] Daga cikinsu akwai dangin Van Wijk (waɗanda zuriyarsu ta zama 'Van Wyk') waɗanda suka isa Cape a cikin 1686 da dangin Erasmus waɗanda suka isa a cikin 1689.[30][31][32] Zuwan karin mutanen Holland a Cape ya haifar da daukar ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi da shigo da karin bayi daga sassa daban-daban na Asiya da Afirka.[33] Daga tsakiyar karni na 17 har zuwa karni na 19 da karni na 20, duk sunayen mahaifiyar Dutch a yankin Cape da sauran Afirka ta Kudu sun samo asali ne a cikin sunayen mahaifi na Afrikaans waɗanda sune sunayen mahaifi da aka fi sani da su tsakanin White South Africans da Coloured South Africants misali Van Niekerk, Strydom (daga 'Strijdom'), De Waal, Pietersen, Van Rooyen, Van Tonder, Han, Steenhuisen, De Jongh (daga De Jong), Van Wuts, Van Wemo, Der Der Der Der Pi Piizen, Men Men Men Men, Men Menk, Men Men, Wisk, Men, Men, Wist, Wisker, Wisk

Huguenots (wanda aka fi sani da 'Huguenots na Faransa') Furotesta ne na Faransa waɗanda suka tsere wa fitarwa da tsanantawa na Furotesta a Faransa. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi hijira zuwa Dutch Cape Colony don neman mafaka tsakanin al'ummar Dutch da ke akwai a ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s.[34][35] Duk da kasancewa 'yan gudun hijira, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Al'ummar da ke magana da harshen Afrikaans na yanzu, yankin Cape gaba ɗaya da sauran Afirka ta Kudu. Da yake fitowa daga kasar da ke da tarihin samar da ruwan inabi, waɗannan 'Yan gudun hijirar Faransa sun fara gonakin inabi na Cape Winelands, suna juya shi cikin ɗayan manyan masu samar da ruwan sha a duniya.[36][37] Garin Franschhoek (wanda ke nufin "kusurwar Faransanci" a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland da Afrikaans) a cikin Yammacin Cape na yanzu, an sanya masa suna a matsayin mafaka inda VOC ta ba da Huguenots da yawa. An kuma sanya Huguenots da yawa zuwa Stellenbosch, Paarl da sauran Cape Winelands saboda wannan cikakkiyar yanayi ce (dangane da yanayi da ƙasa mai kyau) don su dasa gonakin inabi da samar da ruwan inabi.[38]

Kodayake yawancin Huguenots, waɗanda suka isa Cape, sun riga sun yi aure, ba da daɗewa ba 'ya'yansu da zuriyarsu suka shiga cikin al'ummar Cape kuma bayan 'yan tsararraki, sun yi magana da Yaren mutanen Holland, ba Faransanci ba.[39] Kamar yawancin masu magana da White-Afrikaans, yawancin masu magana na Coloured-Afrikaans (musamman waɗanda suka fito daga Yammacin Cape na yanzu, Gabashin Cape da Arewacin Cape) suma suna da wasu kakanninmu daga Faransa saboda Huguenots waɗanda suka haɗu da Dutch da sauran kabilun a yankin Cape.[40] Masu magana da White-Afrikaans da masu magana da Coloured-Afrikaans waɗanda musamman suka samo asali ne daga yankin Cape Winelands (musamman daga yankin Franschhoek, yankin Stellenbosch da yankin Paarl) na iya samun karin kakannin Faransanci saboda wannan shine inda yawancin Huguenots a cikin Cape Colony inda aka ware su don manufar yin ruwan inabi.[41] Ta hanyar tasirin Huguenots a Cape, sunayen Faransanci sun zama sanannun a cikin al'ummar Afrikaans (duka White da Coloured) misali Jacques, Cheryl, Elaine, André, Michelle, Louis, Chantel / Chantelle, Leon, François, Jaden, Rozanne, Leroy, Monique, René, Lionel . [40][42] Saboda hadewa tare da Dutch da sauran kabilun da ke Cape, sunayen mahaifiyar Afrikaans da Ruwa sun fito ne daga asalin Faransanci misali Delport, Nel, Du Preez, Le Roux, Cilliers" id="mwATc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="De Villiers">De Villiers, Joubert, Marais, Du Plessis, Visagie, Minnaar" id="mwATw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pienaar">Pienaar, De Klerk (daga 'Le Clerc'), Fourie, Theron, Cronje, Viljoen (daga 'Villion'), Du Toit, Reyneke, Malan, Naude, Terblanche, De Lief, Fouche, Minna, Crief, Montna, Crów.[43]

A cikin shekarun 1600 da 1700, Jamus ita ce babbar abokin ciniki ta Netherlands a Turai kuma saboda kyakkyawar dangantaka, VOC ta dauki sama da Jamusawa 100 000 da ke sa Jamusawa su zama manyan 'yan kasashen waje na Turai a daular Dutch.[44] A duk lokacin mulkin Holland, VOC ta aika da kusan 15 000 Jamusawa zuwa Dutch Cape Colony don yin aiki a matsayin jami'ai, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu gudanarwa da sojoji.[44] Kamar Huguenots na Faransa, Jamusawa a cikin Dutch Cape Colony suma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Dutch da ke akwai kuma sun koyi Yaren mutanen Holland wanda ya maye gurbin Jamusanci.[45] Daga ƙarshe, Jamusawa a Cape sun zama manoma, malamai, 'yan kasuwa da ministoci.[44] Kusan dukkanin Jamusawa da suka zauna a Cape a duk lokacin mulkin Dutch maza ne sabili da haka, kusan dukkanin maza na Jamus a Cape sun auri mata a waje da al'adunsu (ciki har da matan Afirka da Asiya). [44][46] Saboda hadewa tare da Dutch da sauran kabilun a Cape, akwai sunayen mahaifiyar Afrikaans da yawa na asalin Jamusanci misali Kla, Ackerman, Vosloo, Hertzog, Botha, Grobler, Hartzenberg, Pretorius, Booysen, Steenkamp, Kruger (daga 'Krüger'), Louw, Venter, Cloete, Schoeman, Mulder, Kriel, Meyer, Breytenbach, Engelbrecht, Potgieter, Muller, Maritz, Liebenberg, Lieben, Schersman, Shuster.[47][48]

Wani rukuni na Turawa waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Dutch Cape Colony sun fito ne daga Arewacin Turai (wanda aka fi sani da 'Scandinavia'). A zahiri, sun kasance daga cikin 'yan Turai na farko da suka zauna a Cape Colony, tare da Dutch da Jamus. Yawancin Scandinavians a Cape ma'aikatan VOC ne yayin da wasu 'yan kasuwa ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda suke buƙatar Cape a matsayin rabin hanyar zuwa Asiya da kuma akasin haka.[49] Scandinavians a Cape galibi sun fito ne daga Sweden da Denmark yayin da wasu suka fito ne daga Norway da Finland.[50] Yayinda VOC ke gwagwarmaya don samun masu sa kai na Dutch don zama ma'aikata, ya juya ga Scandinavians. Scandinavians a Cape galibi mishaneri ne, sojoji, masu gudanarwa, 'yan kasuwa, malamai, ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati.[50] Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Scandinavia na farko da suka zauna a Cape shine mijin Danish na Krotoa, Peter Havgard, wanda sunansa na Dutch shine 'Pieter Van Meerhof'.[50] Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun Scandinavians a Cape shine mai binciken Sweden kuma jami'in VOC, Olof Bergh (wanda matarsa, Anna De Konnning, ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi). [50] Kamar yawancin masu magana da White-Afrikaans, yawancin Cape Coloureds suna da wasu kakanninmu daga Arewacin Turai (musamman Sweden da Denmark) saboda waɗannan Scandinavians waɗanda suka haɗu da Dutch da sauran kabilun a yankin Cape.[50] Sunan mahaifiyar Afrikaans na yau da kullun 'Trichardt' / 'Triegaardt' ya samo asali ne daga sunan mahaifiyar Sweden 'Trädgård'.[50] Sauran sunayen mahaifi na asalin Scandinavia sun zama wani ɓangare na al'ummar da ke magana da Afrikaans misali Zeederberg, Knoetze, Blomerus, Wentzel, Lindeque / Lindeques (daga sunan mahaifiyar Sweden 'Lindequast'). [50]

Wasu daga cikin mutanen Fotigal sun zauna a Cape kuma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Cape, wanda shine yadda sunan mahaifiyar Fotigal 'Ferreira' ya zama sunan mahaifiyar Afrikaans.[51] Bayan lokaci, fararen al'ummar Cape sun samo asali ne a cikin kabilanci na fararen Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda yanzu aka sani da Boers / Afrikaners.

Mafi shahararren kabilanci na bayi na Asiya a Cape sune Malay waɗanda suka zo daga Indonesia yayin da wasu suka zo daga Malaysia.[52] Har ila yau, bayi na Indonesiya sun ƙunshi wasu kabilun (kamar Java_people" id="mwAeE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Javanese people">Mutanen Javan daga tsibirin Java da Bali_people" id="mwAeM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Balinese people">Mutanen Balinese daga tsibirin Bali). [53] Saboda Indonesia da Malaysia duka jihohin Musulmi ne, bayi da aka kwashe daga waɗannan ƙasashe sune waɗanda suka gabatar da Islama a cikin Dutch Cape Colony, kuma Islama ta zama addini na biyu mafi girma a cikin Cape Coloureds, bayan Kiristanci.[54] Kamar Kiristoci, waɗannan Musulmai sun yada Islama ta hanyar aikin mishan, saboda haka ya zama addini na biyu mafi girma tsakanin Cape Coloureds . [55] Musulmai na Indonesiya kuma an san su da 'Mardyckers' ko 'Mardijkers'.[56] Koyaya, yawancin 'yan Indonesiya ba Musulmai ba ne, sabili da haka, sun kuma tuba zuwa Kiristanci. An kuma tura 'yan Indonesiya da yawa zuwa Dutch Cape Colony a matsayin fursunoni da aka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka ƙare a matsayin bayi a matsayin horo don tawaye da mulkin Dutch a Indonesia (wanda ake kira Dutch East Indies). [57] Wadannan Malays da sauran Indonesians suna da mafi girman tasirin da ba na Turai ba a cikin Cape Colony a ƙarƙashin mulkin Dutch.[58] Babban dalilin da ya sa wannan tasirin ya kasance cewa, ba kamar sauran kabilun bayi a Cape ba, bayi Malay da sauran bayi na Indonesiya suma sarakuna ne, malamai, tsoffin 'yan siyasa da tsoffin shugabannin addinai waɗanda aka kawo su a matsayin fursunoni; sabili da haka, sun yi amfani da tasirin su da iko don zama fitattun mutane tsakanin mutanen da aka zalunta da kuma bayi na Cape.[58] Wadannan fursunoni da aka yi gudun hijira sun hada da Tuan Guru (wani yarima na Indonesiya da aka yi hijira wanda ya kafa masallaci na farko a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke cikin Bo-kaap, Cape Town) da Sheikh Yusuf (wani Musulmi na Indonesiya wanda aka yi gudunmawar zuwa Cape. Garin Macassar kusa da Cape Town an sanya masa suna ne bayan garinsu, Makassar a Indonesia). [58] Ta hanyar tasirin waɗannan Indonesiyawa, Musulunci ya zama mafaka ga wasu bayi da ma'aikatan Khoi Khoi.[59]

Kodayake yawancin Malays (tare da sauran bayi na Indonesiya da bayi na Malaysian) a cikin Cape sun haɗu da launin fata a cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured, ƙananan 'yan tsiraru daga cikinsu sun adana al'ummarsu don ci gaba da al'adunsu da tasirin su, sabili da haka, sun zama sanannun 'Cape Malays' (wanda aka fi sani da 'Cape Muslims'). [60] Saboda tasirin su, wasu Musulmai a Cape sun shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Malay (musamman bayi na Indiya, bayi na Gabashin Afirka da kuma baƙi na ƙarshe da ma'aikata masu zaman kansu daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, Turkiyya, Indiya, Indonesia da Zanzibar waɗanda suka zauna lokacin da Cape Colony ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya, a cikin 1800s da farkon 1900s), saboda haka Cape Malays ma sun kasance masu kiro.[55] Har zuwa ƙarami, har ma da mutanen Khoi, mutanen da ke da launi / launin fata da fararen mutanen da suka tuba zuwa Islama kuma suka bi al'adun Malay suma an haɗa su cikin al'ummar Cape Malay.[61][62] Saboda kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin Cape Coloureds da Cape Malays, al'ummomin biyu sun haɗu, musamman a Cape Town, wanda shine zuciyar al'ummar Cape Malay a Afirka ta Kudu.[58] Tare da fadada Cape Colony, yaduwar Islama da sauran dalilai, yawancin Cape Malays sun yi ƙaura zuwa sassa daban-daban na yankin Cape; tare da wasu suna zuwa har Port Elizabeth zuwa Gabas yayin da wasu suka tafi har zuwa Kimberly zuwa Arewa.[63][64][65][66] Wasu Cape Malays har ma sun wuce yankin Cape kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu, musamman bayan gano zinariya a Johannesburg a 1886. [63][67] Koyaya, a lokacin wariyar launin fata, an rarraba mutanen Cape Malays a matsayin rukuni na 'Coloureds' saboda irin wannan kakanninmu tare da Cape Coloureds kuma saboda Dokar Rijistar Jama'a, 1950 ta haɗa yawan Afirka ta Kudu cikin kabilu huɗu: Black, White, Coloured da Indiya.[68] Saboda haka, an tilasta wa 'yan Cape Malays da yawa su zauna a cikin al'ummomin masu launi a karkashin Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya a lokacin wariyar launin fata.[63]

Bayan mamayewar Burtaniya a 1814, an soke bautar a Cape a 1834, wanda ya haifar da Babban Trek lokacin da Boers suka bar Cape a matsayin Voortrekkers kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa cikin Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Jamhuriyar Boer. [69] Yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar (waɗanda suka zama Cape Coloureds) sun kasance a baya. Yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar sun koma wani yanki a Cape Town wanda aka fi sani da Gundumar shida. A cikin shekarun 1800 (musamman bayan kawar da bautar a 1834) da farkon shekarun 1900, Cape ta karbi kwararar 'yan gudun hijira, baƙi da ma'aikata masu aiki daga: Burtaniya, Ireland, Jamus, Lithuania, St Helena, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Indiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka (yawancin waɗannan kungiyoyin sun shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured).[70][71][72]

Felix Florez, wani mutumin Filipino a kalk Bay a 1863

A cikin shekarun 1800, Philippines, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, ta fuskanci mummunan tawaye a kan mulkin mallaka ya Mutanen Espanya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1830, Filipinos na farko da suka isa Cape sun zauna a Kalk Bay, Cape Town inda suka kama kifi don rayuwa sannan Kalk Bay ya zama sabon gidansu.[73] Lokacin da labarin ya kai Philippines, yawancin Filipinos sun taru zuwa Kalk Bay, kuma nan da nan suka warwatse a ko'ina cikin Cape Town da sauran sassan yankin da ke yanzu Yammacin Cape, inda yawancin su suka shiga cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured.[74] A sakamakon haka, yawancin Cape Coloureds na iya gano wasu daga cikin tushensu zuwa Philippines saboda Filipinos na Kalk Bay.[70] Yawancin Filipinos da suka zauna a Cape sun haɗu da wasu kakannin Mutanen Espanya sakamakon Mutanen Espanya waɗanda suka haɗu da 'yan asalin Philippines yayin da wasu kawai Filipinos na Mutanen Espanya ne na zuriyar Mutanen Espanya, sabili da haka, wasu Cape Coloureds na iya gano wasu tushen su zuwa Spain saboda Filipinos of Kalk Bay.[70] A cikin al'ummar Cape Coloured, sunayen mahaifi daga Filipinos na Kalk Bay (waɗanda galibi sunayen mahaifiyar Mutanen Espanya ne da Filipinos suka samu daga Mutanen Espanya) sune Gomez, Pascal, Torrez, De La Cruz, Fernandez, Florez (kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin 'Floris'), Manuel, da Garcia.[70]

Griqua

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Adam Kok III, shugaban mutanen Griqua masu launi

A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a cikin Dutch Cape Colony, ƙungiyoyin launin fata waɗanda suka kasance tsakanin Yammacin Turai (musamman Dutch) da Khoi Khoi sun kirkiro ƙungiyar mutane masu launin fata waɗanda aka sani da Griqua . [75] Mutanen Griqua na iya gano kakanninsu zuwa kabilun biyu, Koks da Barendse, na farko ya kunshi mafi yawa daga Khoikhoi kuma na biyu daga zuriyar Turai.[76] Nazarin kwayar halitta da aka yi a karni na 21 ya nuna cewa Griquas suna da asalin Xhosa, San, da Tswana. Abin da ya raba Griquas daga Cape Coloureds shi ne cewa Griquas ba su da asalin Asiya a cikin zuriyarsu kuma ba kamar Cape Colouredes waɗanda suka karɓi salon rayuwar Yamma da Asiya ba, Griquas sun fi manne wa salon rayuwar Afirka, musamman na Khoi Khoi.[77]

Tarihi

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Lokacin kafin wariyar launin fata

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Mutanen da ke da launi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata da manufofin da suka riga ta. Kungiyar Siyasa ta Afirka, wacce aka kafa a 1902, tana da mambobi masu launi na musamman; shugabansu Abdullah Abdurahman ya tara kokarin siyasa na launi na shekaru da yawa.[78] Mutane da yawa masu launi daga baya sun shiga African National Congress da United Democratic Front . Ko a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ko wasu, mutane da yawa masu launin fata sun kasance masu aiki a cikin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata.

Hakkin siyasa na mutane masu launi sun bambanta ta wurin wuri da kuma tsawon lokaci. A cikin karni na 19 suna da irin wannan haƙƙin ga Whites a cikin Cape Colony (ko da yake samun kudin shiga da cancantar dukiya sun shafe su sosai). A cikin Jamhuriyar Transvaal ko Orange Free State, suna da 'yancin hakki kaɗan. An zabi mambobi masu launi a cikin ikon birni na Cape Town (ciki har da, shekaru da yawa, Abdurahman). Kafa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba wa mutanen da ke da launi ikon mallakar, kodayake a shekara ta 1930 an ƙuntata su ga zabar wakilan fari. Sun gudanar da takunkumin jefa kuri'a akai-akai don nuna rashin amincewa. Irin wannan takunkumin na iya taimakawa ga nasarar Jam'iyyar National a shekarar 1948. Ya gudanar da shirin wariyar launin fata wanda ya kwace mutanen Coloured daga sauran ikon jefa kuri'a.

Kalmar "kaffir" kalma ce ta launin fata da aka yi amfani da ita don nunawa ga mutanen Afirka baƙi a Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da yake har yanzu ana amfani da shi akan baƙar fata, ba ya yaduwa kamar yadda yake akan mutane masu launi.

Lokacin wariyar launin fata

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Bayani game da lambobin ainihi na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin takardar ainihi a lokacin wariyar launin fata dangane da rukunin fararen fata, masu launi da na Indiya

Mutanen da ke da launi sun kasance suna ƙarƙashin tilasta ƙaura. Misali, gwamnati ta sake komawa Coloured daga biranen Cape Town na Gundumar shida, wanda daga baya aka rushe shi. Sauran yankunan da aka tilasta musu barin sun hada da Constantia, Claremont, Simon's Town. An tura mazauna zuwa sassan da aka tsara ta launin fata na yankin birni a kan Cape Flats. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata, mutanen da ke da launi sun sami ilimi mafi ƙasƙanci da na fararen fata. Duk da haka, ya fi kyau fiye da wanda aka ba wa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.

Launi a wasu ƙasashen kudancin Afirka

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Taswirar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da CIA ta buga a 1979, tare da bayanai daga ƙididdigar Afirka ta Kudu ta 1970

Ana amfani da kalmar Coloured a Namibia, don bayyana mutanen da suka haɗu, musamman ɓangaren Khoisan, da ɓangaren Turai. Basters na Namibia sun kasance wata kabilanci daban wacce a wasu lokuta ana daukar ta a matsayin rukuni na yawan mutanen da ke da launi na wannan ƙasar. A karkashin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, an kara manufofi da dokokin wariyar launin fata zuwa abin da ake kira Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. A Namibia, gwamnati ta bi da Coloureds ta hanyar da za a iya kwatanta da na Coloureds na Afirka ta Kudu.

A Zimbabwe kuma zuwa ƙaramin Zambia, an yi amfani da kalmar Coloured ko Goffal don nunawa ga mutanen da suka haɗu. Yawancin su sun fito ne daga iyayen Afirka da Burtaniya, ko Afirka da Indiya. Wasu iyalai masu launi sun fito ne daga baƙi masu launi na Cape daga Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke da yara tare da mata na yankin. A karkashin gwamnatin Rhodesia mafi yawan fararen fata, Coloureds suna da dama fiye da baƙar fata na Afirka, gami da cikakken haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, amma har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na zamantakewa. Ana amfani da kalmar Coloured a Eswatini.

Al'adun al'adu

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Tyla, mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu mai launi na al'adun Zulu, Irish da Indiya.

Akwai ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da mawaƙa da yawa da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa a cikin al'ummar Coloured. Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Eoan Group yana yin wasan kwaikwayo da ballet a Cape Town. Kaapse Klopse carnival, wanda ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara a ranar 2 ga Janairu a Cape Town, da kuma mawaƙa na Cape Malay da wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa wani muhimmin bangare ne na lokacin hutun birnin. Kaapse Klopse ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa da yawa waɗanda ke raira waƙa da rawa a titunan Cape Town a ranar Sabuwar Shekara a farkon wannan shekara. A zamanin yau drumlines a cikin kayan ado masu farin ciki, masu launi suna yin a filin wasa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan Kirsimeti a cikin yanayi mai tsarki amma ba su da haske, galibi sun haɗa da mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa waɗanda ke raira waƙa da kunna waƙoƙin Kirsimeti akan tituna. A fagen zane-zane da wallafe-wallafen, masu launi da yawa sun yi tare da CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board) ballet da kamfanin opera, kuma al'umma sun samar da manyan mawaƙa uku na Afrikaans sanannun mawaƙa, Adam Small, S.V. Petersen, da P.J. Philander. A shekara ta 1968, an kafa Majalisar Al'adu da Nishaɗi don inganta ayyukan al'adu na Al'umma mai launi.

Manazarta

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