Washington
 Washington | |||||
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| Adrim | «Justitia Omnibus» (3 Ɣuct 1871) | ||||
Symbole officiel (fr)  | Grive des bois (fr) d Capitalsaurus (mul) | ||||
| Surnom (fr) | Chocolate City | ||||
| Yettusemma ɣef | Ǧurǧ Wacinton d Christophe Colomb (fr) | ||||
| Ansa | |||||
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| Awanek anayan | Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt | ||||
| District fédéral (fr) | District de Columbia (fr) | ||||
| Tamanaɣt n | |||||
| Imezdaɣ | |||||
| Teɣṛed | 689 545 (2020) | ||||
| • Taneẓẓi n tɣerfa | 3 895,73 imezdaɣen/km² | ||||
| Azedduɣ | 288 307 (2020) | ||||
| Tarakalt | |||||
| Situé dans l'entité territoriale statistique (fr) | Région métropolitaine de Washington (fr) | ||||
| Amur seg | États-Unis contigus (fr) , Mid-Atlantic (fr) d Arlington–Alexandria–Reston metropolitan division (en) | ||||
| Tajumma | 177 km² | ||||
| • Aman | 10,67 % | ||||
| Tezga-d ɣef yiri | Potomac (fr) , Anacostia (fr) d Rock Creek (fr) | ||||
| Teflel | 72 m | ||||
| Isek yeflalen | Point Reno (en) (409 pieds) | ||||
| Tilisa yakked | comté d'Arlington (fr) Alexandria (fr) comté du Prince George (fr) comté de Montgomery (fr) comté de Fairfax (fr) Bethesda (fr) Silver Spring (fr)
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| Asefk amazray | |||||
| Asnulfu | 16 Yulyu 1790 | ||||
| Adyan asaru | |||||
| Tuddsa tasertayt | |||||
| • Maire du district de Columbia (fr) | Muriel Bowser (fr) (2 Yennayer 2015) | ||||
| Amekzay uglim | |||||
| Angal azarar | 20001, 20002, 20003, 20004, 20005, 20006, 20007, 20008, 20009, 20010, 20011, 20012, 20013, 20015, 20016, 20017, 20018, 20019, 20020, 20022, 20024, 20026, 20027, 20029, 20030, 20032, 20033, 20035, 20036, 20037, 20038, 20039, 20040, 20041, 20042, 20043, 20044, 20045, 20047, 20049, 20050, 20052, 20053, 20055, 20056, 20057, 20058, 20059, 20060, 20061, 20062, 20063, 20064, 20065, 20066, 20067, 20068, 20069, 20070, 20071, 20073, 20074, 20075, 20076, 20077, 20078, 20080, 20081, 20082, 20090, 20091, 20201, 20202, 20203, 20204, 20206, 20207, 20208, 20210, 20211, 20212, 20213, 20214, 20215, 20216, 20217, 20218, 20219, 20220, 20221, 20222, 20223, 20224, 20226, 20227, 20228, 20229, 20230, 20232, 20233, 20235, 20237, 20238, 20239, 20240, 20241, 20242, 20244, 20245, 20250, 20251, 20252, 20254, 20260, 20261, 20262, 20265, 20266, 20268, 20270, 20277, 20289, 20299, 20301, 20303, 20306, 20310, 20314, 20317, 20318, 20319, 20330, 20340, 20350, 20355, 20370, 20372, 20375, 20380, 20389, 20390, 20392, 20393, 20394, 20395, 20401, 20402, 20403, 20404, 20405, 20406, 20407, 20408, 20410, 20411, 20412, 20413, 20414, 20415, 20416, 20417, 20418, 20419, 20420, 20421, 20422, 20423, 20424, 20425, 20426, 20427, 20428, 20429, 20431, 20433, 20434, 20435, 20436, 20437, 20439, 20440, 20441, 20442, 20444, 20447, 20451, 20453, 20456, 20460, 20463, 20468, 20469, 20470, 20472, 20500, 20501, 20502, 20503, 20504, 20505, 20506, 20507, 20508, 20509, 20510, 20511, 20515, 20520, 20521, 20522, 20523, 20524, 20525, 20526, 20527, 20528, 20529, 20530, 20531, 20533, 20534, 20535, 20536, 20537, 20538, 20539, 20540, 20541, 20542, 20543, 20544, 20546, 20547, 20548, 20549, 20551, 20552, 20553, 20554, 20555, 20557, 20559, 20560, 20565, 20566, 20570, 20571, 20572, 20573, 20575, 20576, 20577, 20578, 20579, 20580, 20581, 20585, 20586, 20590, 20591, 20593, 20594, 20597, 20599, 56901, 56902, 56904, 56908, 56915, 56920, 56933, 56935, 56944, 56945, 56950, 56963, 56964, 56965, 56966, 56967, 56968, 56969, 56970, 56971, 56972, 56973, 56980, 56981, 56982, 56983, 56984, 56985, 56998 d 56999 | ||||
| Domaine internet (fr) | .washington.dc.us (en) | ||||
| Plan de numérotation (fr) | 202 | ||||
| Code Insee d'un département (fr) | 11001 | ||||
| Identifiant Geographic Names Information System (fr) | 2390665 | ||||
| Nniḍen | |||||
| Tansa n web | dc.gov | ||||
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Washington, D.C d tamanaɣt n Yiwunak Yedduklen. Isem-ines ameqqran d Washington, District of Columbia. Deg Washington yella Axxam Amellal, izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen.
Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, George Washington.
Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi.
Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal.
Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan.
Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna.
1. Tarakalt d ugama
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Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac.
Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali.
Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint.
Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel.
Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n "cherry blossoms".
3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan.
Gar yigduden-a llan Nacotchtank, i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult Algonquian.
Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut.
Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal.
Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit.
4. Asnulfu n Washington (1790–1800)
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Seld timunent n Marikan deg 1776, awanek amaynut yella yeḥwaǧ tamdint tagejdant ara yezdin meṛṛa iwunak.
Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimasayen n ugafa d unẓul mgaraden ɣef umkan ara yettwafren.
Deg 16 Yulyu 1790, Congress yefka-d azaraf i usbeddi n temnaḍt tafederalit tafrart, d tin ara yesɛun tawuri n temdint tagejdant n Marikan.
Asefran-a yella d tifrat tasertant gar yimasayen n ugafa d wid n unẓul, i yemgaraden deg tsertit tadamsant d uklan.
Amezwaru n Marikan, George Washington, yefren amkan n temdint tamaynut ɣef yiri n Potomac.
Deg 1791, yefka tawuri n usɣawas n temdint i umsenfar afransis Pierre Charles L'Enfant.
Aɣawas n L'Enfant
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]L'Enfant yebɣa ad yesnulfu tamdint i yettbanen d azamul n tagduda.
Yessumer-d iberdan iwesɛanen, izenqan yettemlilin, urtiyen izegzawen d yimukan imeqqranen i yixxamen n udabu.
Aɣawas-is yessemlal gar:
- Izenqan yetteddun s talɣa tusridt.
- Ibardayen iwesɛanen i yettemlilin s talɣa tanamurt.
- Imukan imeqqranen n tsertit d udabu.
- Idigan n ugdud d wurtiyen n tẓuri.
Deg 1792, Andrew Ellicott yessegzem yerna yesseɣti kra n yiḥricen n uɣawas-a.
Washington tebda ad tettwabna s uɣawas ara tt-yerren d tamdint yemgaraden ɣef temdinin n tnezzut i yellan yakan deg Marikan.
5. Washington deg lqern wis 19
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Deg 1800, adabu afederal amarikani yeǧǧa Philadelphia, yerra Washington d amḍiq agejdan n tsertit n Marikan.
Deg tazwara, tamdint tella d tameẓẓyant. Ixxamen n udabu mazal-iten deg lebni, izenqan ur ttwasbeddlen ara meṛṛa, yerna aṭas n yimḍiqen llan d igran d ugama.
Deg 1814, deg ṭṭrad gar Marikan d Teglizit, iserdasen n Teglizit kecmen ɣer Washington, sserɣen kra n yixxamen n udabu, gar-asen Capitol d White House.
Seld aneḍru-a, tamdint tettwabna tikkelt nniḍen.
Washington d taluft n waklan
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]D yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ilaq ad d-nemmeslay deg umezruy n Washington.
Deg lqern wis 19, taluft iccuden ɣer waklan tella d aḥric seg tmetti n temdint. Llan yiklan yettwasemɣaren i ixeddmen deg yixxamen, deg yigran d waṭas n umahil n lebni.
Deg 16 Yebrir 1862, yettwaseḥbes unagraw n taklit deg District of Columbia, s uzref i yezmel umenzu Abraham Lincoln, uqbel alɣu n usufeɣ n waklan seg taklit i d-yessufeɣ deg 1 Yennayer 1863.
Tamdint teqqim d amḍiq ameqqran n umennuɣ ɣef tilelli d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.
6. Ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan (1861–1865)
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Deg 1861, mi yebda ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan, Washington tuɣal d amḍiq aserdasi ameqqran.
Tamdint tezga qrib ɣer temnaḍin n ṭṭrad. Iserdasen n ugafa bnan tɣessa taserdasit i umesten n temdint, Iserdasen n Ugafa bnan igudar, sbedden tiɣessiwin n usiweḍ n yiferdisen iserdasen, yerna sɣawsen imukan n uḥraz n temdint.
Washington tesɛa daɣen tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n yimeḥbas, yimejjayen d yimejruḥen n ṭṭrad.
Deg 14 Yebrir 1865, Abraham Lincoln yettwanɣa deg Ford's Theatre. Yemmut ass i d-yeḍfaren, deg 15 Yebrir.
Tamettant-is tesseḥzen aṭas n yimdanen deg Marikan, yerna Washington tuɣal d amkan n tkatut(n usmekti) tameqqrant n tallit-a.
7. Washington deg lqern wis 20
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Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tettnerni s waṭas.
Tamdint tettbeddil seg yiwen n umḍiq n udabu ɣer tamdint tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, uselmed, tẓuri d tdiplumasit.
Deg 1902, aɣawas McMillan yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen deg usɣawas n temdint. Yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n uɣawas amezwaru n L'Enfant, ladɣa s lebni n urtiyen izegzawen d tmeẓra tameqqrant gar Capitol d yimukan n tmekti.
Deg sin ṭṭradat imaḍlanen, tawuri n udabu afederal tettnerni s waṭas. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ i d-yusan ɣer Washington i wakken ad xedmen deg tesdawiyin, tadbelt, tiɣessiwin tiserdasin d tɣawsiwin n uselḥu.
Washington d umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan
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Deg 28 Ɣuct 1963, aṭas n yimdanen mlalen-d deg Washington deg "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom", i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.
Deg uneḍru-a, Martin Luther King Jr. yefka-d tinawt-is yettwassnen I Have a Dream(Sɛiɣ Targit).
Taneḍruyt-a tuɣal d yiwet seg tneḍruyin tigejdanin n umezruy n yizerfan inmettiyen deg Marikan.
Washington tella d tamdint n tsertit, maca daɣen d tamdint anda i d-ttemlilin yimdanen i wakken ad sutren abeddel, tilelli, taɛdalt d yizerfan.
8. Tadbelt d tsertit n Washington
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Washington, D.C. mačči d awanak am wiyaḍ n Marikan. D distrikta tafederalit i d-yettwasbedden s wudem ameẓlay i wakken ad tili d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan.
Tamsalt-a tesɛa anamek: Washington ur teṭṭafar ara Maryland neɣ Virginia, maca tesɛa anagraw n tdabert ɣef wudem i d-yettwasbedden deg tsertit tafederalit.
Deg 1973, Home Rule Act yefka i yimezdaɣ n Washington tazmert ad fernen amḍebber n temdint n temdint d tseqqamut tadigant.
Maca Congress afederal mazal yesɛa kra n tezmert ɣef tɣawsiwin n distrikta.
Tamsalt-a tettawi-d amennuɣ asertan: imezdaɣ n Washington sɛan yiwen n umeslay deg tsertit tamarikanit, maca ur sɛin ara sin yimsenqaden deg Senate, yerna ur sɛin ara amḍebber s uzref n usuffeɣ n ṣṣut deg House of Representatives.
Ixxamen n udabu igejdanen
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White House — Axxam Amellal
D amkan n tnezduɣt d umahil n umenzu n Marikan. Yekcem deg umezruy n temdint seg 1800.
Axxam n Congress/Imni afidirali n Maikan, ideg ttemlilin House of Representatives d Senate. Deg-s i ttwasbedden isuḍaf izerfanen ifederalen.
U.S. Supreme Court Rulings/ Taɣdemt Tunnigt n Marikan
D taɣdemt tafellayt n Marikan, i yesɛan tawuri tagejdant deg usegzi n Ddestur d yizerfan.
9. Tadamsa n Washington
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tadamsa n Washington temgarad ɣef tin n New York.
Deg New York, tadamsa tettban-d deg tnezzut, Wall Street d taggazt n idrimen. Deg Washington, anagaraw n udabu afederal d yiwen seg yiferdisen igejdanen n tdamsa.
Aṭas n yimezdaɣ xeddmen deg:
- Tadbelt tafederalit d tidbelt tadigant.
- Tiɣessiwin n tɣellist d teserdast.
- Tidukliwin tigraɣlanin d tseqqamin n tdiplumasit.
- Tasdawit d unadi ussnan.
- Asuddes n tneḍruyin, asiweḍ d yimeẓla n tmerrit.
Washington d amkan n waṭas n tsquma tigraɣlanin, gar-asent World Bank d International Monetary Fund (IMF), ayen i tt-yerran d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant.
10. Idles, tutlayin d tmetti
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Washington tesɛa tadelsa temgaraden ɣef tid n temdinin nniḍen.
Deg-s llan yimezdaɣ seg waṭas n tmura, d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ iberkanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy-is.
Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tella d amkan n uẓawan n jazz, n tẓuri d tsekla. Amnuyar ameqqran n jazz Duke Ellington yulal deg Washington deg 1899.
Tamdint tesɛa daɣen yiwen n uɣanib n uẓawan i d-yennulfan deg-s, i yettwassnen s yisem n go-go, yeqqnen ɣer aẓawan funk, yettwassnen s unya n ṭṭebul d useqdec n yifecka n uẓawan s umata.
Deg tudert n yal ass, tella tnezzut n yimukan n učči, isensayen idelsanen, timkerḍiwin, izenqan n temdint d waṭas n yimukan anda i d-ttemlilin yimezdaɣ.
11. Imḍiqen d yizumal yettwassnen n Washington
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Amedruz n Washington
D azamul ɣezzifen s talɣa n obilisk, i yettwabnan i tmekti n George Washington. Tattayt-is tezga ɣer 169 m.
Amedruz n Washington (Washington Monument) d yiwen seg yizumal imeqqranen n temdint n Washington, D.C., tamdint tagejdant n Yiwunak Yedduklen n Marikan. Yezga deg National Mall, yerna yettwabna i tmekti n George Washington, aselway amezwaru n Marikan. Yesɛa talɣa n ubilisk (obélisque), yettwabna s udɣaɣ amellal, ma d tattayt-is tewwḍ ɣer azal n 169 n yimitren.
Lebni-is yebda deg 1848, maca yeḥbes aṭas n yiseggasen s sebba n lexṣaṣ n yidrimen d ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan. Yemmed deg 1884, yettweldi i ugdud deg 1888. Deg tallit-nni, yella d lebni ɣezzifen akk deg umaḍal. Ass-a, Amedruz n Washington d azamul n timunent d tdukli n Marikan, yerna d yiwen seg yimukan yettwaṛzanen aṭas deg temdint.
Tasmikt n Lincoln
D axxam n tmekti n Abraham Lincoln. Yettwabna s uɣanib yeqqnen ɣer lebni n Yigrigiyen iqburen, s teɣmart d usebdad n Lincoln deg ul-is.
Tasmikt n Lincoln d asebdad n tmekti yezgan deg Washington, D.C., i yettwabnan i wakken ad yeḥrez amekti n Abraham Lincoln, aselway wis 16 n Marikan. Yezga deg tama n umalu n National Mall, yerna yettwassen s lebni-is ameqqran yesɛan tigejda d tɣessa taklasikit.
Deg daxel n Tesmikt n Lincoln yella usebdad ameqqran n Lincoln i yettɣiman, yerna ɣef iɣmaren-is llan tira i d-yemmalen kra seg wawalen-is yettwassnen. Asebdad-a yeldi deg 1922, yuɣal d yiwen seg yizumal igejdanen n Marikan, acku yeqqen ɣer timunent, tilelli d yizerfan n umdan. D amkan i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy, ladɣa deg umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n yimdanen.
Jefferson Memorial
D amkan n tmekti n Thomas Jefferson, yiwen seg yimezwar n timunent n Marikan. Lebni-is yettban-d yesɛa aɣanib aklasiki i yettemcabin ɣer Pantheon n Ruma taqburt.
Smithsonian National Museum of naturel History
Asalay Aɣelnaw n Umezruy n Ugama d yiwen seg yisalayen imeqqranen n Washington, D.C. Deg-s ttwasenkanen yiɣersiwen, iɣessan n dinuzuren, idɣaɣen d yiferdisen nniḍen n ugama, i d-yeskanayen amezruy n wakal d umhaz n tudert.
Smithsonian — tuddsa tameqqrant n tusna
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg 1846, yettwasebded Smithsonian Institution, i d-yuɣalen d yiwet seg tuddsiwin timeqqranin n unadi d uselmed deg umaḍal.
Tuddsa-a tesɛa timkerḍiwin d yimukan n uselmed ɣef umezruy, tussna, tiknulujit, taẓuri d tadelsa
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