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Shilajit is a natural source of C60.
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In contrast, C60 can penetrate into an A-form DNA from the free end and permanently break the hydrogen bonds between the end basepairs. Furthermore, the C60 docked on the minor groove of A-DNA deforms the stacking angles of bases contacting it. C60 binds strongly with single-strand
DNA and results in a significant deformation of the nucleotides. In addition, we find that a C60 molecule can readily occupy a defect site in a double-strand DNA and form a stable complex. The set of simulation results presented here suggest the possibility that C60 molecules may interfere with
the biological functions performed by DNA, and therefore cause long-term negative side effects in living organisms.
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The nanoparticle was found to bind with the minor grooves of double-stranded DNA and trigger unwinding and disrupting of the DNA helix, which indicates C60 can potentially inhibit the DNA replication and induce potential side effects. In contrast to that of DNA, C60 only binds to the major grooves of RNA helix, which stabilizes the RNA structure or transforms the configuration from stretch to curl. This finding sheds new light on how C60 inhibits reverse transcription as HIV replicates. In addition, the binding of C60 stabilizes the structures of RNA riboswitch, indicating that C60 might regulate the gene expression. The binding energies of C60 with different genomic fragments varies in the range of -56 to -10 kcal mol(-1), which further verifies the role of nanoparticle in DNA/RNA damage. Our findings reveal a general mode by which C60 causes DNA/RNA damage or other toxic effects at a systematic level, suggesting it should be cautious to handle these nanomaterials in various medical applications.
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In conclusion, the data reported herein demonstrate that pulmonary exposure (via IT administration) resulted in deposition of fullerene C60 in the lung with minimal distribution into the systemic circulation. When in circulation, fullerene C60 was rapidly cleared from the blood and retained primarily in the liver and spleen. These data support the hypothesis that fullerene C60 accumulates in the body following repeated exposure and therefore increase the concern for potential to induce detrimental health effects following exposure.
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C60 in olive oil causes light-dependent toxicity and does not extend lifespan in mice
In vivo Biology and Toxicology of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives
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