
ๆๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใใฎ็ฐๅขใฅใใ๏ฝ็ๅฟตใ่จ่ใซใใใใจใฎๅ
ๆฐ่ฆๅฐฑ่พฒใ็ฎๆใใฆใ4ๆใใ็ ไฟฎใในใฟใผใใใใใใฟใปใณใงใใ
ใใผใฑใใฃใณใฐใ่พฒๆฅญ็ตๅถใซใคใใฆๅญฆใใ ใใจใใๆฅใ
1500ใ2000ๆๅญใงๆธใใฆใใพใใใใคใใๆ่ชญใใใใจใใใใใพใใ
ไปๆฅใฎใใผใใฏใใๆๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใใฎ็ฐๅขใฅใใใ
็ๅฟตๅฎ็พใณใณใตใซใฟใณใใง็จ็ๅฃซใฎ็ๅฒก็ดไบบใใใฎๆธใใใใใใใฃใฆใ่จ่ใ็ต็นใๅคใใฆใใใใใ่ชญใใงใฎๅญฆใณใใทใงใขใใพใใญใ
ใใชใใฎๆๅฑใใ็ต็นใซใฏใใ็ๅฟตใใใใใพใใ๏ผ
ใใใจใใใฐใใใฎใ็ๅฟตใ่จ่ใซใงใใพใใ๏ผ
็ต็นใใใผใ ใงๅคงใใชๆๆใไธใใใใใซใฏใใใ ็ฎๆจใ่จญๅฎใใฆๅชๅใใใ ใใงใฏไธๅๅใงใใ
ๆๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใใฎๅๅฃใใคใพใใ็ฐๅขใใๅฟ
่ฆใงใใใใฎ็ฐๅขไฝใใฎๆ ธๅฟใซใใใฎใใใ็ๅฟตใฎ่จ่ชๅใใงใใ
็ๅฟตใจใฏใ็งใใกใไฝใๅคงๅใซใใฆใใฉใใชไพกๅคใๆไพใใใใจใใฆใใใฎใใ่กจใ่จ่ใงใใใใฎ็ๅฟตใๆ็ขบใซ่จ่ชๅใใใใจใงใ็ต็นใฏๆนๅๆงใ่ฆๅคฑใใใไธไบบใฒใจใใ่ชไธป็ใซๅใใๆๆใ็ใฟๅบใๅใ็บๆฎใงใใใใใซใชใใพใใ
ใใใทใงใณใปใใธใงใณใปใใชใฅใผใฎๅฝนๅฒ

็ต็นใฎใใชใใใๆ็ขบใซใใใใใทใงใณใใไฝใ็ฎๆใใใใๆใใใธใงใณใใใฉใฎใใใซ้ฒใใใใๅฎใใใใชใฅใผใ
ใใใไธใคใฎๆฑใฏใ็ๅฟตใๅ
ทไฝๅใใใใผใ ๅ
จๅกใๅ
ฑๆใใ็ฎๆจใจ่กๅๅบๆบใ่จญๅฎใใไธใงๆฌ ใใใพใใใ
ใใใทใงใณใ้ๅปใใ็พๅจใซใใใฆใฎๆ นๅบใซใใ็็ฑใๆใใใซใใใใธใงใณใๆชๆฅใธใฎๅธๆใ็คบใใใใชใฅใผใ็พๅจใๆฅใ
ใฎ่กๅใๅฐใใพใใ
ใใใใ่จ่ใซใใใใจใงใ็ฎใซ่ฆใใชใใ็ตใใจใๆนๅๆงใใ็ใพใใพใใ
ใๅ ดใใฎๅ

็ๅฒกใใใฏ่จใใพใใใๆๆใฏใไบบใใงใฏใชใใๅ ดใใใ็ใพใใใ
ใใฎ่ใๆนใฏใ็ฎใใใฆใญใณใฎ็บ่ฆใงใใใๅใ
ไบบใฎ่ฝๅใ้่ฆใงใใใใใไปฅไธใซใใใผใ ใกใณใใผใๅฎๅฟใใฆ่ชๅใฎๆ่ฆใ่จใๅใใใๅ ดใใฎ็ฐๅขไฝใใใๆๆใๅทฆๅณใใพใใ
ๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ
จๆงใ้ซใๅ ดใใคใพใ่ชฐใใๅคฑๆใๆใใใซๆๆฆใงใใ็็ดใชๆ่ฆไบคๆใ่กใใใ็ฐๅขใใๅต้ ๆงใจ็็ฃๆงใฎๆบๆณใจใชใใฎใงใใ
ๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ จๆงใ้ซใใ๏ผใคใฎ่ฆ็ด

ๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ
จๆงใ็ใใซใฏใ่กจๆ
ใ่จ่ใๅงฟๅขใ้่ฆใงใใ
ใพใใฏใ็ธๆใซๆธฉใใ่กจๆ
ใๅใใใใจใใๅงใใพใใใใๆฌกใซใๅปบ่จญ็ใงใใธใใฃใใช่จ่ใ้ธใณใๆๅพใซใ้ใใใๅงฟๅขใๅใใใจใงใไฟก้ ผใจๅฎๅฟๆใ็ใพใใพใใ
ใใใใฎๅฐใใช็ฉใฟ้ใญใใๅคงใใชใๅ ดใใฎๅใ็ใฟๅบใใ็ต็นๅ
จไฝใๆ้ทใใใพใใ
็ต็นๆๅใฎ้ธๆ

็ต็นๆๅใฏใใใใใฎ่ฆ็ด ใๆฅใ ใฎ่กๅใซ่ฝใจใ่พผใใใจใง่ฒใพใใพใใใๅฐ้ใใจใ็็ดใใใๅบๆฌใซใๅฆๅฎใใชใๅงฟๅขใงๆ่ฆใๅใๆญขใใใใจใใใใซใใใไบใใซๅญฆใณๅใใๆ้ทใๅใๆๅใๆ นไปใใพใใใใใใๆๅใฎไธญใงใฏใ่ช็ถใจๅใ ไบบใ่ชๅพ็ใซๅใใ็ต็นๅ จไฝใไธไธธใจใชใฃใฆ็ฎๆจใซๅใใฃใฆ้ฒใฟใพใใ
็ต็นใใใผใ ใๆๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใใซใฏใใใ ไธไบบใฒใจใใๅใใ ใใงใฏใชใใใๅ ดใใฎๅใ้ๅธธใซ้่ฆใงใใ็ๅฟตใ่จ่ใซใใฆๅ ฑๆใใๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ จๆงใฎ้ซใ็ฐๅขใไฝใใใจใงใไธไบบใฒใจใใ่ชไธป็ใซใใใใฆ็ฉๆฅต็ใซ่กๅใใใใใซใชใใพใใ
ๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ จๆงใ้ซใใใใใซใฏใ่กจๆ ใ่จ่ใๅงฟๅขใๆ่ญใใใใจใๅคงๅใงใใ็ฌ้กใงๆฅใใใใจใใใธใใฃใใช่จ่ใ้ธใใงไผใใใใจใใใใฆ้ใใใๅงฟๅขใงใณใใฅใใฑใผใทใงใณใๅใใใจใงใใใผใ ใกใณใใผใฏๅฎๅฟใใฆ่ชๅใฎๆ่ฆใ่จใใใใใชใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใช็ฐๅขใๆดใใจใ็ต็นๅ
ใงใฎใๅฐ้ใใจใ็็ดใใใไธก็ซใใใใๅฅๅ
จใง็็ฃ็ใช่ญฐ่ซใ่กใใใใใใซใชใใพใใ
ๅฆๅฎใใชใๅงฟๅขใงๆ่ฆใๅใๅ
ฅใใใใจใงใไบใใซๅญฆใณใๆ้ทใใๆๅใ่ฒใกใพใใใใใใๆๅใฎไธญใงใ่ช็ถใจๅใ
ใฎใกใณใใผใ่ชๅพ็ใซๅใใ็ต็นๅ
จไฝใ็ฎๆจใซๅใใฃใฆไธไธธใจใชใฃใฆ้ฒใใใจใใงใใใฎใงใใ
ไปๆฅใฏใ็ๅฒก็ดไบบใใใฎๆธใใใใใใใฃใฆใ่จ่ใ็ต็นใๅคใใฆใใใใใใใฎๅญฆใณใใใจใซใ็ๅฟตใฎๅคงๅใใๅฟ็็ๅฎๅ จๆงใฎ็ขบไฟใฎๆนๆณใใใใฆใใใใใใใซใใฆ็ต็นใใใผใ ใฎๆๆใซ็ด็ตใใใใๆธใใฆใฟใพใใใ
็งใฏใใใฎ4ๆใใใฏใๅญฆๆ ก็ต็นใจใใใจใใใใ้ฃใณๅบใใพใใ
ใใใใไบบใฏไธไบบใงใฏ็ใใฆใใใพใใใๅคงใชใๅฐใชใใไฝใใใฎ็ต็นใซๅฑใใฆใๆๆใๅบใใฆใใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ไปๆฅใฎๅญฆใณใใใใใงใฎ็ใๆนใซใใใใฎ่ใใๅใๅ
ฅใใฆใใใ่ฏใ็ต็นๆๅใ็ฏใใ็ฎๆจ้ๆใซๅใใๅคงใใชไธๆญฉใ่ธใฟๅบใใฆใใใใใงใใ
็ต็นใซๅฑใใใใชใใฎใๅฝนใซ็ซใฆใฆใใใฐๅนธใใงใใ
ใใคใๆๅพใพใง่ชญใใงใใ ใใใๆฌๅฝใซใใใใจใใใใใพใใ
ๆฌกๅใใๆฐใใช็บ่ฆใไธ็ทใซๆฅฝใใฟใพใใใใญ๏ผ
ใงใฏใใพใๆๆฅใ
ไบ
ไปใซใใใใผใฑใใฃใณใฐใ่พฒๆฅญใฎใใจใชใฉใใใผใใซๆธใใฆใใพใใ
่ชญใใงใใใ ใใใใใใใใใงใใ
ใในใญใใใใใฉใญใผใใใใใ ใใพใใจใใจใฃใฆใๅใณใพใใ
ไป้ฑไธ็ชๅคใ่ชญใใงใใใ ใใฆใใ่จไบใฏใใกใใงใใ