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Published online 2021 Dec 21. doi: 10.1038/s41429-021-00491-6
PMCID: PMC8688140
PMID: 34931048
The mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2âan extensive reviewâŠ
molbio08
@molbio08
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2022; 75(2): 60â71. Published online 2021 Dec 21. doi: 10.1038/s41429-021-00491-6 PMCID: PMC8688140 PMID: 34931048 The mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2âan extensive review ãã®ã¬ãã¥ãŒè«æã®è¡šã«æ¬¡ã®ãããªèšè¿°ããããŸãããIVMã®äœç𿩿§ã§ããã¢ã«ãã¡ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãå«ã倿§ãªãŠã€ã«ã¹ã®RdRPã«çµåããŠé»å®³ãããšããè«æãåŒçšãããŠããŸãããã®èª¬æã以äžã§ãã B. Action on host targets for viral replication Level 4: Action as an antiviral IVM has antiviral properties against other viruses including the RNA viruses such as Zika virus (ZKV), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile virus (WNV), Hendra virus (HEV), Newcastle virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and Sindbis virus (SINV), Avian influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 as well as DNA viruses such as equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) ãã®è«æã®ãªã³ã¯ã貌ã£ãŠãããŸãã
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Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen
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Key Points
RNA viruses are able to undergo two forms of recombination: RNA recombination, which (in principle) can occur in any type of RNA virus, and reassortment, which is restricted to those viruses with segmented genomes.
Rates of RNA recombination vary markedly among RNA viruses. Some viruses, particularly those with negative-sense single-stranded genomes, exhibit such low rates of recombination that they are effectively clonal. By contrast, some positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses and some retroviruses such as HIV exhibit high rates of recombination that can exceed the rates of mutation when measured per nucleotide.
Although recombination is often argued to represent a form of sexual reproduction, there is little evidence that recombination in RNA viruses evolved as a way of creating advantageous genotypes or removing deleterious mutations. In particular, there is no association between recombination frequency and the burden of a deleterious mutation. Similarly, there is little evidence that recombination could have been selected as a form of genetic repair.
The strongest association for rates of recombination in RNA viruses is with genome structure. Hence, negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses may recombine at low rates because of the restrictive association of genomic RNA in a ribonucleoprotein complex, as well as a lack of substrates for template switching, whereas some retroviruses recombine rapidly because their virions contain two genome copies and template switching between these copies is an inevitable part of the viral replication cycle.
We therefore hypothesize that recombination in RNA viruses is a mechanistic by-product of the processivity of the viral polymerase that is used in replication, and that it varies with genome structure.
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RNA ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ã2 çš®é¡ã®çµæããèµ·ããããšãã§ããŸãã1 ã€ã¯ (ååãšããŠ) ã©ã®ã¿ã€ãã® RNA ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã§ãèµ·ããåŸã RNA çµæãããã 1 ã€ã¯ã»ã°ã¡ã³ãåãããã²ãã ãæã€ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã«éå®ãããåéåã§ãã
RNA çµæãã®é床ã¯ãRNA ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã«ãã£ãŠå€§ããç°ãªããŸããäžéšã®ãŠã€ã«ã¹ãç¹ã«ãã€ãã¹éäžæ¬éã²ãã ãæã€ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ãçµæãé床ãéåžžã«äœããããå®è³ªçã«ã¯ããŒã³åããŠããŸããå¯Ÿç §çã«ããã©ã¹éäžæ¬é RNA ãŠã€ã«ã¹ã HIV ãªã©ã®äžéšã®ã¬ãããŠã€ã«ã¹ã¯ããã¯ã¬ãªãããããã§æž¬å®ãããšçªç¶å€ç°é床ââãè¶ ããé«ãçµæãé床ã瀺ããŸãã
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Conclusions
Understanding the evolution of recombination remains one of the most challenging problems in biology. We suggest that it is optimistic to believe that a single explanation applies to all organisms and that the precise mechanisms of recombination must be understood in each case. In particular, although it is clear that recombination is a key aspect of sexual reproduction in most cellular species, such that its evolution can be discussed in terms of the generation and removal of specific types of mutation, we argue that this does not seem to be the case in RNA viruses. Indeed, it is striking that high levels of recombination appear to be a sporadic occurrence in RNA viruses, such that they cannot be universally advantageous, whereas theories for the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes attempt to explain recombination and clonality on the assumption that these are common and sporadic, respectively63. Rather, a review of the available data suggests that the differing rates of recombination and reassortment that characterize RNA viruses may reflect the mechanistic constraints that are associated with particular genome structures and viral life cycles. If this hypothesis is upheld, then recombination should be considered a mechanistic by-product of RNA polymerase processivity (a trait that varies according to the genomic architecture of the virus in question) and not as a trait that is optimized by natural selection for its own selective value, although it may on occasion generate beneficial genotypes (Box 3). It is important to note that RNA viruses produce large numbers of progeny and that this, rather than recombination, is more likely to be the key to their evolutionary survival, as it buffers them from the adverse effects of the accumulation of deleterious mutations and regularly produces advantageous mutations. However, it is equally clear that our knowledge of recombination and its determinants remains patchy for most RNA viruses, such that far more data are needed for a definitive understanding of the evolution of recombination. For example, it will be important to accurately measure recombination rates in viruses that differ markedly in their strategies for controlling gene expression. Fortunately, the development of next-generation sequencing methods is likely to facilitate the acquisition of data that will lead to important new insights into the causes and consequences of recombination in this major class of infectious agent.
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2024/8/27
Abstract
Several vaccines have been widely used to counteract the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, due to the rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), further development of vaccines that confer broad and longer-lasting protection against emerging VOCs are needed. Here, we report the immunological characteristics of a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) receptor binding domain (RBD), which is membrane-anchored by fusing with an N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal transmembrane domain (RBD-TM). Immunization with saRNA RBD-TM delivered in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) efficiently induces T-cell and B-cell responses in non-human primates (NHPs). In addition, immunized hamsters and NHPs are protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Importantly, RBD-specific antibodies against VOCs are maintained for at least 12âmonths in NHPs. These findings suggest that this saRNA platform expressing RBD-TM will be a useful vaccine candidate inducing durable immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.
èŠçŽ
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