Regionally extensive offshore freshened groundwater systems linked to past glaciation can be predicted by subglacial landforms, suggests a study that integrated controlled-source electromagnetic data with high-resolution seismic reflection surveys in the southeastern North Sea.

Oil and gas emissions in the USA have declined from 2019 to 2024, likely as a result of gradual technological and operational developments, and existing federal regulations, according to an inverse model constrained by satellite observations.

The tropical Pacific shifts towards El Niño-like conditions under ongoing warming and does not recover for centuries after emissions cease, according to climate model simulations spanning centennial to millennial timescales.

Future climate change is projected to increase solar photovoltaic power generation in Sweden by about 5% compared to historical periods, while optimized panel tilt can boost output by 3 to 6%; according to a validated installation model incorporating air temperature, solar radiation, and snow conditions across four cities under future climate scenarios.

The loss of snow persistence during late winter to spring across Northeast China leads to shorter snow season under global warming, as suggested by bias-corrected CMIP6 climate projections based on Satellite-constrained machine learning framework.

Olivine cumulate lava flows within Jerezo Crater behaved as low viscosity flows due to the reduced gravity of Mars compared to Earth, according to dynamic flow modelling and petrographic data from the Perseverance rover

Slip during the 2025 M7.7 Myanmar earthquake triggered high He-emissions that may persist for several decades along the Red River Fault, located around 600 km away from the epicentre, according to elevated gas-phase He concentrations in thermal-spring groundwater.

The ocean’s color in the region of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is shifting in ways consistent with the simulated optical effects of microplastic accumulation, according to analyses of 20-year satellite records.

Montane cloud forests maintain stable near-surface humidity despite regional warming, buffered by water-vapor supply, cloud-mediated cooling, and thermodynamic regulation, based on a 42-year high-resolution analysis of hourly climate data from Taiwan.

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation collapse would induce changes to the Earth system that may take 2-3 centuries to fully unfold, according to analyses of Earth system model ensemble simulations.

Climate risk assessments used by the financial sector are often based on empirical data from recent decades that do not span the full range of possible futures. We argue that the financial sector needs to embrace risk analysis for all plausible scenarios, not just for median outcomes.

Energy supply crises matter because their economic impacts extend beyond energy markets. This Comment argues that energy security should be understood by how energy systems transmit price shocks to the wider economy. Low-carbon technologies matter because, unlike fossil fuels, they dampen this transmission through the economy.

Plastic particles below a diameter of 5 mm are often grouped together under the label ‘microplastics’ in current Environmental Impact Assessment protocols, regardless of their environmental half-life. This Comment argues that microplastics should be regulated according to degradability, with separate categories for transient and persistent particles.

Beneath the deep ocean floor may not seem like a natural place for a prospering ecosystem, yet microbial life can thrive in subsurface sediments. The International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 385 led by Drs. A. Teske and D. Lizarralde set out to drill and sample the deep biosphere, at eight sites of the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. Dr Edgcomb and colleagues analysed these data and found active microbial life across a range of sediment and temperature conditions, especially around hydrothermal structures. Their work demonstrates that subsurface microbial life can flourish, even in the most challenging of conditions.

Heat stress risk is increasingly assessed using composite indices that were derived for narrowly defined applications and then extrapolated far beyond those use cases. This Comment argues that users must understand each index’s origins and be transparent about the sometimes-significant limitations these impose on its application.

Urban decarbonisation depends on materials such as aluminium, graphite and lithium. This Comment argues that disruptions to their supply pose a neglected climate risk and calls for a strategic reserve system to protect cities’ energy transitions.