Ɗa

ɗa
population group (en) da class of human (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	juvenile (en)
Ta biyo baya	preadolescent (en)
Produced by (en)	Homo sapiens (mul)
Hashtag (mul)	children
Has characteristic (en)	childhood (en)
Yadda ake kira mace	niña
WordLift URL (en)	http://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/child_2
ACM Classification Code (2012) (en)	10010931
Juvenile form of (en)	mutum

Yara na ƙasashen duniya sanye da kayan gargajiya a Liberty Weekend

Yaro ( pl. yara ) mutum ne tsakanin matakan haihuwa da balaga, ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. Kalmar kuma tana iya nufin ɗan adam da ba a haifa ba. A ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, ma'anar doka ta yaro gabaɗaya tana nufin ƙarami, a wannan yanayin a matsayin mutumin da bai kai shekarun zama ƙarami ba (akwai keɓancewa kamar, misali, shan giya da siyan giya ko da bayan shekarun zama ƙarami ne ), ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban jiki, hankali da jima'i a matsayin manya na halitta ba. Yara gabaɗaya ba su da haƙƙoƙi da nauyi kaɗan fiye da manya. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba.

Yaro kuma zai iya bayyana dangantaka da iyaye (kamar 'ya'ya maza da mata na kowane zamani) ko, a taƙaice, wani mutum mai iko, ko kuma yana nuna zama memba na ƙungiya a cikin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko addini; yana kuma iya nuna cewa wani lokaci, wuri, ko yanayi ya shafe shi sosai, kamar a cikin "ɗan yanayi" ko "ɗan shekaru sittin."

Ma'anonin ilmin halitta, shari'a da zamantakewa

Yara suna wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, zane-zanen Romawa, ƙarni na 2 AD

A fannin kimiyyar halittu, yawanci ana bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum tsakanin haihuwa da balaga, ko kuma tsakanin lokacin ci gaban jariri da balaga. A shari'a, kalmar yaro na iya nufin duk wanda bai kai shekarun girma ba ko kuma wani iyaka na shekaru.

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara ta bayyana yaro a matsayin, "Mutum ɗan ƙasa da shekara 18 sai dai idan dokar da ta shafi yaron ta cika, an samu rinjaye da wuri." Kasashe 192 cikin 194 na mambobin sun amince da wannan. Kalmar yaro kuma tana iya nufin wanda bai kai wani ƙayyadadden shekaru da doka ta tanada ba tare da alaƙa da shekarun da ya fi girma ba. Misali, a Singapore, ana ayyana yaro a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 14 ba a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Yara da Matasa" yayin da shekarunsa na manya shine 21. A cikin Dokar Shige da Fice ta Amurka, yaro yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 21 ba.

Wasu ma'anonin Ingilishi na kalmar yaro sun haɗa da tayin (wani lokacin ana kiransa da ba a haifa ba ). A al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar yaro a matsayin babba bayan ya yi wani al'ada na haihuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai yi daidai da lokacin balaga ba.

Yara gabaɗaya suna da 'yanci ƙasa da na manya kuma ana rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba, kuma a bisa doka dole ne koyaushe su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar babba ko mai kula da yara, ko iyayensu sun sake su ko a'a.

Matakan ci gaban yara

Yaro a farkon ƙuruciya

Yara suna buga goge a cikin wani taron waƙa na rukuni, Ithaca, New York, 2011

Yara a Madagascar, 2011

Yaro yana buga piano, 1984

Yaronta yaro yana bin matakin jariri kuma yana farawa tare da jariri lokacin da yaro ya fara magana ko daukar matakai da kansa. Duk da yake ƙuruciya ta ƙare a kusa da shekaru 3 lokacin da yaro ya zama ƙasa da dogaro da taimakon iyaye don buƙatu na asali, ƙuruciya tana ci gaba kusan har zuwa shekaru 5 ko 6. Koyaya, a cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ilimi na Yara, ƙuruciya ta ƙwarewa ta haɗa da jariri. A wannan matakin yara suna koyo ta hanyar lura, gwaji da sadarwa tare da wasu. Manya suna kula da tallafawa tsarin ci gaban yaro, wanda zai haifar da ikon cin gashin kai na yaro. Har ila yau, a wannan matakin, an kirkiro dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin yaro da masu ba da kulawa. Yara kuma suna fara makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare a wannan shekarun; sabili da haka, rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa.

Yarantaka ta tsakiya

Tsakiyar yara tana farawa a kusa da shekaru 7, kuma tana ƙare a kusa da shekara 9 ko 10. Tare, ana kiran ƙuruciya ta farko da ta tsakiya shekaru masu tasowa. A wannan lokacin na tsakiya, yara suna bunkasa cikin zamantakewa da tunani. Suna kan mataki inda suke samun sabbin abokai kuma suna samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda zai ba su damar zama masu zaman kansu da haɓaka mutuntakarsu. A lokacin ƙuruciya, yara suna shiga shekarun makaranta, inda aka gabatar da su da wani yanayi daban da yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan sabon wuri yana haifar da sabbin ƙalubale da fuska ga yara. A lokacin shigar makaranta, rikice-rikicen hankali waɗanda ba za a lura da su ba sun bayyana. Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan sun haɗa da: autism, dyslexia, dyscalculia, da ADHD.: 303-309 Ilimi na musamman, mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, martani ga shiga tsakani da Shirye-shiryen ilimi na mutum duk shirye-shirye ne na musamman don taimakawa yara masu nakasa.

Tsakiyar yara shine lokacin da yara suka fara fahimtar alhakin kuma abokan aikinsu da iyayensu suka fara tsara su. Ayyuka da yanke shawara masu alhakin sun zo a wannan lokacin, kamar yadda kwatancin zamantakewa da wasan zamantakewa ke yi.: A lokacin wasan zamantakewa, yara suna koyon juna da koyar da juna, sau da yawa ta hanyar lura.

Ƙarshen ƙuruciya

Preadolescence wani Matasa ne na ci gaban ɗan adam bayan ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Preadolescence ana bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 9-12, yana ƙare tare da babban farkon balaga, tare da alamomi kamar menarche, spermarche, da kuma mafi girman saurin tsawo yana faruwa. Wadannan canje-canje yawanci suna faruwa tsakanin shekaru 11 zuwa 14. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman lokacin shekaru 2 kafin babban farkon balaga.Pre-mature na iya kawo ƙalubale da damuwa. Yara masu zuwa suna da ra'ayi daban-daban game da duniya daga yara ƙanana a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Yawanci, ra'ayinsu ya fi dacewa da rayuwa fiye da duniya mai zurfi, mai ban sha'awa na ƙuruciya. Preadolescents suna da mafi girma, mai hankali, tunani da ayyuka na gaskiya: 'mafi girman matakin ci gaba... yaro ba shi da motsin rai a yanzu.'Preadolescents na iya kallon dangantaka ɗan adam daban-daban (misali suna iya lura da kuskuren, bangaren ɗan adam na ƙididdigar iko). Tare da wannan, suna iya fara haɓaka ma'anar kansu, kuma suna da ƙaruwa na 'yancin kai: 'yana iya jin mutum, ba "kawai ɗaya daga cikin iyali ba. '

Matakan ci gaba bayan yara

Matasa

Yarinya matashiya, wanda Paolo Monti ya ɗauka

Matasa yawanci ana ƙaddara ta kasance tsakanin farkon balaga da ƙuruciya ta doka: galibi daidai da shekarun matasa (13-19). Koyaya, balaga yawanci yakan fara ne kafin shekarun matasa (10 - 11 ga 'yan mata da 11 - 12 ga yara maza). Kodayake a cikin halitta yaro ɗan adam ne tsakanin matakai na haihuwa da balaga, matasa ana ɗaukar su yara bisa doka, saboda ba su da haƙƙin manya kuma har yanzu ana buƙatar su halarci makaranta a al'adu da yawa, kodayake wannan ya bambanta. Farawar balaga yana kawo canje-canje daban-daban na jiki, tunani da halayyar mutum. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya da farkon balaga ya bambanta da ƙasa da aiki, kuma har ma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ko al'ada akwai yiwuwar shekaru daban-daban waɗanda ake ɗaukar mutum ya isa ya ba da izini ga al'umma tare da wasu ayyuka.

Tarihi

Playing Children, ta hanyar Song dynasty Chinese artist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.

A lokacin Renaissance na Turai, zane-zane na yara ya karu sosai, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan halin zamantakewa ga yara, duk da haka.

Masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin shekarun 1600, ra'ayin yara ya fara fitowa a Turai, duk da haka wasu masana tarihi kamar Nicholas Orme sun kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa ana ganin yara a matsayin mataki daban tun a kalla zamanin da. Manya sun ga yara a matsayin mutane daban-daban, marasa laifi kuma suna buƙatar kariya da horo daga manya da ke kewaye da su. Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen bayyana wannan sabon hali ga yara, musamman game da ka'idarsa na Tabula rasa, wanda ya ɗauki hankali a lokacin haihuwa ya zama "blank slate". Sakamakon wannan rukunan shi ne cewa an haifi tunanin yaron ba tare da komai ba, kuma aikin iyaye ne su ba yaron gaskiya. A farkon lokacin jari-hujja, tasowa na babban, matsakaicin matsakaicin kasuwanci, galibi a cikin ƙasashen Furotesta na Jamhuriyar Dutch da Ingila, ya haifar da sabon akidar iyali da ke kewaye da renon yara. Puritanism ya jaddada muhimmancin ceto na mutum da damuwa game da jin daɗin ruhaniya na yara.

The Age of Innocence c. 1785/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.

Ra'ayi na zamani na ƙuruciya tare da kansa da burin ya fara fitowa a lokacin Haskakawa na ƙarni na 18 da kuma lokacin Romantic wanda ya biyo baya. Jean Jacques Rousseau ya tsara halin soyayya ga yara a cikin sanannen littafinsa na 1762 Emile: ko, On Education . Gina kan ra'ayoyin John Locke da sauran masu tunani na karni na 17, Jean-Jaques Rousseau ya bayyana ƙuruciya a matsayin ɗan gajeren lokaci na wuri mai tsarki kafin mutane su fuskanci haɗari da wahalar balaga. Hoton yara na Sir Joshua Reynolds ya nuna sabon halin da aka haskaka ga yara ƙanana. Hotonsa na 1788 The Age of Innocence ya jaddada rashin laifi da kuma alherin halitta na yaron kuma nan da nan ya zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a.

Sarauniyar Brazil Leopoldina (hagu) da Isabel (tsakiya) tare da abokiyar da ba a san ta ba, c. 1860.

Ra'ayin yaro a matsayin wurin zama na allahntaka, tsarki, da rashin laifi an kara bayyana shi a cikin William Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", wanda ya "yi amfani da shi daga rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na fastoci, ra'ayoyin pantheistic na allahntakar, da ra'ayin ruhaniya wanda ya dogara da ra'ayi na Edenic na rashin laifi da aka haɗa da ra'ayoyi na Neoplatonic na reincarnation". Wannan ra'ayi na Romantic na ƙuruciya, masanin tarihi Margaret Reeves ya ba da shawarar, yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi fiye da yadda aka sani, tare da tushensa da za'a iya ganowa zuwa irin wannan tunanin ƙuruciya da ke yawo, alal misali, a cikin waƙoƙin neo-platonic na mawaƙa na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai Henry Vaughan (misali, "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bambanta da ra'ayoyi masu koyarwa, ra'ayoyan Calvinist game da lalata da jarirai.[32]

'Yan kallo na Armenia a cikin 1918

Tare da farawar masana'antu a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1760, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin soyayya na yara da gaskiyar karuwar girman cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki, ya zama a bayyane. A ƙarshen karni na 18, ana amfani da yara na Burtaniya musamman a masana'antu da ma'adinai kuma a matsayin masu share bututun wuta, sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari don ƙananan albashi. Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, saɓani tsakanin yanayin ƙasa ga yara matalauta da ra'ayin matsakaicin yaro a matsayin lokacin sauƙi da rashin laifi ya haifar da kamfen na farko don tilasta kariya ta doka ga yara.

Masu gyarawa na Burtaniya sun kai farmaki ga aikin yara daga shekarun 1830 zuwa gaba, wanda Charles Dickens ya ba da mummunar bayanin rayuwar titin London. Kamfen ɗin ya haifar da Ayyukan Masana'antu, wanda ya rage cin zarafin yara a wurin aiki

Ra'ayoyin zamani na ƙuruciya

Yara suna wasa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin maraice na rani, Davis, California.

Wani tsoho da jikarsa a Turkiyya.

Yaran Nepalese suna wasa da Cats.

'Yan mata na Harari a Habasha.

Halin zamani ga yara ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19; Matsakaicin Victorian da na sama sun jaddada rawar da iyali ke takawa da tsarkakar yaro - halin da ya kasance mai rinjaye a al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tun daga lokacin. Irin wallafe-wallafen yara ya tashi, tare da yaduwar littattafai masu ban dariya, littattafan da suka dace da tunanin yaro. Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, wanda aka buga a 1865 a Ingila, alama ce a cikin jinsi; an dauke shi a matsayin "Maganar Ingilishi ta farko da aka rubuta don yara", bugawa ta buɗe "First Golden Age" na wallafe-wallafen yara.

Rabin ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga gabatar da makarantar sakandare ta yara a duk faɗin Turai, wanda ya cire yara daga wurin aiki zuwa makarantu.

Tattalin arzikin kasuwa na karni na 19 ya ba da damar manufar yara a matsayin lokacin nishaɗi, farin ciki, da tunanin. 'Yan tsana da aka yi a masana'antu da gidajen' yan tsana sun faranta wa' yan mata rai kuma yara maza ne suka shirya wasanni da ayyukan. Sir Robert Baden-Powell ne ya kafa Boy Scouts a cikin 1908, wanda ya ba da yara maza da ayyukan waje da nufin bunkasa hali, zama ɗan ƙasa, da halaye na mutum.

A cikin karni na 20, Philippe Ariès, masanin tarihin Faransa wanda ya kware a Tarihin zamani, ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuruciya ba abu ne na halitta ba, amma halittar al'umma ce a cikin littafinsa na 1960 Centuries of Childhood . A shekara ta 1961 ya wallafa wani binciken zane-zane, kaburbura, kayan gida, da bayanan makaranta, inda ya gano cewa kafin karni na 17, ana wakiltar yara a matsayin kananan manya.

A shekara ta 1966, masanin falsafa na Amurka George Boas ya wallafa littafin The Cult of Childhood . Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana tarihi sun ci gaba da bincike kan yara a lokutan da suka gabata.

A shekara ta 2006, Hugh Cunningham ya buga littafin Invention of Childhood, yana kallon yarantakar Burtaniya daga shekara ta 1000, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, zuwa abin da yake magana a kai a matsayin Post War Period na shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970.

Yarancin yana canzawa kuma yana canzawa yayin da salon rayuwa ke canzawa da tsammanin manya ke canzawa. A zamanin yau, manya da yawa sun yi imanin cewa yara kada su kasance da damuwa ko aiki, saboda rayuwa ta kasance mai farin ciki da rashin matsala. Ana ganin ƙuruciya a matsayin cakuda sauƙi, rashin laifi, farin ciki, nishaɗi, tunanin, da mamaki. Ana tunanin shi a matsayin lokacin wasa, koyo, zamantakewa, bincike, da damuwa a duniya ba tare da tsangwama mai yawa ba.

"Rashin rashin laifi" wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun, kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin wani bangare na tsufa. Yawancin lokaci ana tunanin shi azaman gogewa ko lokaci a rayuwar yaro wanda ke fadada fahimtar mugunta, ciwo ko duniyar da ke kewaye da su. An nuna wannan taken a cikin litattafan To Kill a Mockingbird da Lord of the Flies . Halin almara Peter Pan shine bayyanar yarantaka wanda ba ya ƙare.

Yara masu lafiya

Lafiyar yara

Lafiyar yara ta haɗa da lafiyar jiki, tunani da zamantakewar yara. Kula da lafiyar yara yana nufin ba su abinci mai kyau, tabbatar da cewa suna samun isasshen barci da motsa jiki, da kuma kare lafiyarsu. Yara a wasu sassan duniya galibi suna fama da Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da wasu yanayi, kamar zawo, huhu da zazzabin cizon sauro. Kashi 30.8% ne kawai na yara masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23 a duk duniya ke cin abinci mai banbanci.

Kare yara

Kariya ta yara, a cewar UNICEF, tana nufin "hanawa da amsawa ga tashin hankali, cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara - gami da cin zarafi na kasuwanci, fataucin mutane, aikin yara da ayyukan gargajiya masu cutarwa, kamar yankan mata / yanka da auren yara". Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara tana kare ainihin' yancin yara.

Wasanni

Yin rawa a gidan marayu na Uwar Zaman Lafiya, Zimbabwe

Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar yara, jiki, zamantakewa, da jin daɗi. Yana ba wa yara damar yin amfani da jiki (gudu, tsalle, hawa, da dai sauransu), ilimi (ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ka'idojin al'umma, ɗabi'a da ilimi na gaba ɗaya) da ci gaban motsin rai (ta'a, tausayi, da abota). Wasan da ba a tsara shi ba yana ƙarfafa kerawa da tunanin. Yin wasa da hulɗa tare da wasu yara, da kuma wasu manya, suna ba da dama ga abota, hulɗar zamantakewa, rikice-rikice da ƙuduri. Koyaya, manya suna yawan (sau da yawa ba daidai ba) ɗauka cewa kusan dukkanin ayyukan zamantakewar yara ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin "wasan" kuma, ƙari, ayyukan wasan yara ba su da ƙwarewa ko ƙoƙari sosai.

Ta hanyar wasa ne yara a ƙuruciya ke shiga da hulɗa a duniya da ke kewaye da su. Wasan yana bawa yara damar ƙirƙirar da bincika duniyar da za su iya sarrafawa, suna cin nasarar tsoronsu yayin da suke yin rawar manya, wani lokacin tare da wasu yara ko masu kula da manya. Wasan da ba a jagoranta ba yana bawa yara damar koyon yadda za su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, su raba, su tattauna, su warware rikice-rikice, da kuma koyon ƙwarewar kare kai. Koyaya, lokacin da manya ke sarrafa wasan, yara suna bin ka'idojin manya da damuwa kuma suna rasa wasu fa'idodi da wasan ke ba su. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman wajen bunkasa kerawa, jagoranci, da ƙwarewar rukuni.

Ralph Hedley, Gasar, 1898. Ya nuna yara maza marasa talauci suna wasa a waje a wani yanki na karkara na Arewa maso gabashin Ingila.

Wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen ci gaban yara wanda Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin kowane yaro. Yaran da ake tasowa a cikin hanzari da matsin lamba na iya iyakance fa'idodin kariya da za su samu daga wasan da yara ke yi.

Farawa na wasa a cikin aji yana bawa malamai da ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa ta hanyar wasa da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa. Sabili da haka, wasa yana taimakawa hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa. "Tsarin wasa" yana nufin hada ilmantarwa na al'ada tare da ilmantarwa ta al'ada don samar da ingantaccen ilmantarwa ga yara tun suna ƙanana.

Kodayake ana ɗaukar wasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban yara mafi kyau, yanayin yana shafar wasan su sabili da haka ci gaban su. Yara matalauta suna fuskantar rashin daidaito na muhalli yayin da suke fuskantar karancin tallafin zamantakewa, kuma iyayensu ba su da amsawa kuma sun fi iko. Yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar samun littattafai da kwamfutoci wanda zai inganta ci gaban su.

Al'adun titi

Yara a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Toronto, 1920s.

al'adu titin yara suna nufin al'adun da yara ƙanana suka kirkira kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu duniyar sirrin su. Ya fi yawa a cikin yara tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu. Yana da karfi a cikin Gundumomin masana'antu na birane inda yara ke da 'yanci don yin wasa a kan tituna na dogon lokaci ba tare da kulawa ba. Yara da kansu ne suka kirkireshi kuma sun fi kiyaye shi tare da ƙananan tsangwama na manya.

Al'adun tituna na yara yawanci suna faruwa ne a kan tituna masu nutsuwa da hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyin da ke shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na gida, wuraren wasa, scrub da hamada, da kuma shagunan gida. Sau da yawa yana sanya matsayi na tunani a wasu sassan birane (ginin gida, kerbs, abubuwan titi, da dai sauransu). Yara suna tsara takamaiman wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin wuraren taro na al'ada da wuraren shakatawa (duba: Sobel, 2001). Yankin birni wanda ba shi da fuska ko kuma an yi watsi da shi ga babba na iya samun ma'anar 'ruhun wuri' mai zurfi ga yara. Tun zuwan abubuwan jan hankali na cikin gida kamar Wasannin bidiyo, da talabijin, an nuna damuwa game da kuzari - ko ma da tsira - na al'adun titin yara.

Yanayin ƙuruciya

Yanayin yara ya haɗa da yadda (babba) al'umma ke fahimtar ra'ayin yara, hanyoyin da halayen manya da halayen ke shafar rayuwar yara, gami da yanayin da ke kewaye da yara da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi.

Yanayin yara yayi kama da yanayin yara wanda ke nazarin wuraren da yara ke zaune.

Rashin lalacewar yanayi

Yanayin Yanayi, kalmar da Richard Louv ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa na 2005 Last Child in the Woods, yana nufin yanayin da ke faruwa a Amurka da Kanada zuwa ga karancin lokaci don wasa a waje, wanda ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na halayyar.

Tare da karuwar amfani da wayoyin salula, kwamfutoci, wasannin bidiyo da talabijin, yara suna da ƙarin dalilai na zama a ciki maimakon waje bincika. "Matsakaicin yaro na Amurka yana ciyar da sa'o'i 44 a mako tare da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki". Bincike a cikin 2007 ya jawo alaƙa tsakanin raguwar yawan ziyarar National Park a Amurka da karuwar amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki ta yara. Kafofin yada labarai sun hanzarta yanayin yanayin yanayin yara ta hanyar rage ra'ayoyin yanayi, kamar yadda yake a fina-finai na Disney.

Shekarar alhakin

Shekarar da ake la'akari da yara da ke da alhakin ayyukansu na al'umma (misali aure, jefa kuri'a, da dai sauransu) ya canza a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nunawa a hanyar da ake bi da su a kotuna. A zamanin Roman, ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin marasa laifi don laifuka, matsayin da Ikilisiya ta karɓa daga baya. A cikin karni na 19, an yi imanin cewa yara da ba su kai shekara bakwai ba za su iya aikata laifi ba. Yara daga shekaru bakwai zuwa gaba an dauke su da alhakin ayyukansu. Saboda haka, za su iya fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, a tura su kurkuku, kuma a hukunta su kamar manya ta hanyar bulala, alama ko ratayewa. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da shekarun aure sun bambanta. Har ila yau, ana jayayya da iyakar shekarun aikin soja na son rai / ba tare da son rai ba a matakin duniya.

Ilimi

Yara a cikin aji na waje a Bié, Angola

Yara da ke zaune a cikin aji na Finnish a makarantar Torvinen a Sodankylä, Finland, a cikin 1920s

Ilimi, a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, yana nufin aikin ko tsari na ba da ko samun ilimi gaba ɗaya, haɓaka ikon tunani da hukunci, da shirya hankali don rayuwa mai girma. Ilimi na yau da kullun galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar makaranta. Wasu gwamnatoci sun amince da haƙƙin ilimi. A matakin duniya, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ya amince da haƙƙin kowa ga ilimi. Ilimi wajibi ne a mafi yawan wurare har zuwa wani shekaru, amma halartar makaranta bazai kasance ba, tare da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar makarantar gida ko e-koyon da aka gane a matsayin ingantaccen nau'ikan ilimi a wasu hukunce-hukunce.

Yara a wasu ƙasashe (musamman a wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya) galibi ana kiyaye su daga makaranta, ko halarta ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bayanai daga UNICEF sun nuna cewa a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 57 ba su da makaranta; kuma fiye da 20% na yara na Afirka ba su taɓa zuwa makarantar firamare ba ko kuma sun bar ba tare da kammala karatun firamare. A cewar yaƙi rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yaki yana hana yara miliyan 28 a duk duniya samun ilimi, saboda haɗarin tashin hankali na jima'i da hare-hare a makarantu. Sauran abubuwan da ke hana yara daga makaranta sun hada da talauci, aikin yara, halayen zamantakewa, da kuma nesa da makaranta.

Halin da ake yi wa yara

Rukunin yara maza masu fashewa a Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. Ayyukan yara sun bazu har zuwa farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 21, yawan aikin yara ya fi girma a Afirka.

Halin zamantakewa ga yara ya bambanta a duniya a cikin al'adu daban-daban kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 game da halayen Turai game da tsakiya na yara ya gano cewa Italiya ta fi mayar da hankali ga yara kuma Netherlands ba ta da hankali ga yaro, tare da wasu ƙasashe, kamar Austria, Burtaniya, Ireland da Jamus ta Yamma suna fada tsakanin.

Aure na yara

A cikin 2013, yawan auren yara na yara mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ya kai 75% a Nijar, 68% a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi, 66% a Bangladesh, da 47% a Indiya. Dangane da rahoton UNICEF na 2019 game da auren yara, kashi 37% na mata sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 a yankin Saharar Afirka, sannan Kudancin Asiya ta biyo baya a kashi 30%. An sami ƙananan matakan a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (25%), Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (18%), da Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya (11%), yayin da ƙimar a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka ba su da yawa. Aure na yara ya fi yawa tare da 'yan mata, amma kuma ya shafi yara maza. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin mujallar Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies ya gano cewa, a duk duniya, kashi 4.5% na maza sun yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18, tare da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin 27.9%.

Haihuwar haihuwa da yawan yara ga kowace mace

Kafin rigakafin daukar ciki ya zama a ko'ina a karni na 20, mata ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai Abstinence ko samun yara da yawa. A zahiri, damuwa game da karuwar yawan jama'a na yanzu ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da raguwar Mutuwar yara da ci gaba da haihuwa. A cikin 2017 an kiyasta yawan haihuwa na duniya ya zama yara 2.37 ga kowace mace, yana ƙara kusan mutane miliyan 80 ga yawan duniya a kowace shekara. Don auna jimlar yawan yara, masana kimiyya galibi sun fi son kammala yawan haihuwa a shekaru 50 (CCF50). Kodayake yawan yara kuma yana da tasiri daga ka'idojin al'adu, Addini, matsin lamba da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa, CCF50 ya bayyana ya fi dogara da matakin ilimi na mata, daga yara 5-8 a cikin mata ba tare da ilimi ba zuwa ƙasa da 2 a cikin mata masu shekaru 12 ko fiye na ilimi.

Tambayoyi

Gaggawa da rikice-rikice

Gaggawa da rikice-rikice suna haifar da haɗari ga kiwon lafiya, aminci, da jin daɗin yara. Akwai nau'ikan rikice-rikice da gaggawa daban-daban, misali yaƙe-yaƙe da bala'o'i. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 kimanin yara miliyan 13 sun rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar rikice-rikicen makamai da tashin hankali a duniya. Inda rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ya zama al'ada, rayuwar kananan yara suna da matukar damuwa kuma iyalansu suna da matukar wahala wajen bayar da kulawa mai hankali da daidaituwa da kananan yara ke buƙata don ci gaban su mai lafiya. Nazarin kan tasirin gaggawa da rikici a kan lafiyar jiki da tunani na yara tsakanin haihuwa da shekaru 8 sun nuna cewa inda bala'in ya kasance na halitta, yawan PTSD yana faruwa a ko'ina daga kashi 3 zuwa 87 cikin dari na yaran da abin ya shafa. Koyaya, ƙimar PTSD ga yara da ke zaune a cikin yanayin rikici na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga kashi 15 zuwa 50.

Cin zarafin yara da aikin yara

Kare yara daga cin zarafi ana daukar su a matsayin muhimmin burin zamani. Wannan ya haɗa da kare yara daga cin zarafi kamar aikin yara, fataucin yara da sayar da yara, Cin zarafin yara, gami da karuwanci na yara da batsa na yara, Amfani da yara na soja, da kuma wanke yara a cikin tallafi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai kayan aiki da yawa na kasa da kasa don waɗannan dalilai, kamar:

• Mafi munin nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Yara
• Yarjejeniyar Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973
• Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara
• Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i
• Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shiga Yara a Rikicin Makamai
• Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hague

Lafiya

Mutuwar yara

Yawan mutuwar jarirai a duniya a shekarar 2012.

A farkon karni na 17 a Ingila, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yara sun mutu kafin su kai shekaru hudu. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, tsawon rayuwar yara ya karu sosai. Wannan ya ci gaba a Ingila, kuma a cikin karni na 21 yawan mutuwar yara ya fadi a duk faɗin duniya. Kimanin jarirai miliyan 12.6 'yan kasa da biyar sun mutu a duk duniya a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ragu zuwa miliyan 6.6 a shekarar 2012. Yawan mutuwar jarirai ya ragu daga mutuwar 90 ga kowane haihuwa 1,000 a cikin 1990, zuwa 48 a cikin 2012. Matsakaicin matsakaicin mutuwar jarirai yana cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, a mutuwar 98 a kowace haihuwar 1,000 - sama da ninki biyu na matsakaicin duniya.

Dubi kuma

 

• Ɗan yaro
• Yarinya

• Bayani game da ƙuruciya
• Amfanin yara
• Bautar yara
• Rashin haihuwa
• Kudin kiwon yaro
• Mawuyacin hali a lokacin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya
• Tarihin ƙuruciya
  • Tarihin yara a Amurka
• Manufar yaro daya, a kasar Sin 1979 zuwa 2015
• Addini da yara
• Hakkin matasa
• Archaeology na yara
• Al'umma da al'adu na zamanin Victorian # Matsayin yara; Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙarni na 19.

Tushen

 Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2026__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Tushen

•  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaZuba jari game da Shaida: Yanayin Duniya na Kula da Yara da Ilimi__hau____hau____hau__, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.
•  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaSamar da makomar da ke da dorewa ga kowa; Rahoton kula da ilimi na duniya, 2016; Binciken jinsi__hau____hau____hau__, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

Ƙarin karantawa

• (Jacqueline S. ed.).

• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Aikin ɗabi'a na ƙuruciya: Uwa, rayuwa ta zahiri, da al'adun masu amfani da yara na farko (NYU Press, 2020). Littafin kan layi duba kuma bita kan layiBinciken kan layi
• Fass, Paula S. Ƙarshen ƙuruciya ta Amurka: Tarihin iyaye daga rayuwa a kan iyaka zuwa ga yaron da aka sarrafa (Princeton University Press, 2016).
• [Hasiya] Tarihin Routledge na Yara a Yammacin Duniya (2012) akan layi

• [Hasiya] Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: A cikin Tarihi da Al'umma (3 vol, Macmillan, 2003)
• Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, da Jim Goddard. Manufofin kula da yara na zamani da aiki (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) kan layi

• An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi yaren nan. Girlhood a Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2001)

• Hutchison, Elizabeth D., da Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Tsaron jin daɗin yara: Manufofin da suka gabata, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba".Iyalai a cikin Jama'a 81.6 (2000): 576-585.

• [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Magunguna mafi kyau: Yadda Kimiyya da Lafiya ta Jama'a suka Ba Yara Makoma (WW Norton & Company, 2020) kan layi

• Kearney, Mary Celeste. "Coalescing: Ci gaban karatun 'yan mata. "Jaridar NWSA 21.1 (2009): 1-28. sashi

• Michail, Samia. "Gaskiya martani na makaranta ga halin ƙalubalen ɗalibai: Binciken wallafe-wallafen".Inganta makarantu 14.2 (2011): 156-171. kan layi
• Sorin, Reesa. Canjin hotuna na ƙuruciya: Sake fahimtar aikin ƙuruciya (Faculty of Education, Jami'ar Melbourne, 2005) kan layi.
• Sorin, Reesa. "Yarinya ta hanyar idanun yaro da iyaye".Jaridar Binciken Australiya a cikin Ilimin Yara na Farko 14.1 (2007). kan layi
• Vissing, Yvonne. "Tarihin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yara a Amurka. " a cikin 'Yancin 'Yancin Yara a Amurka: Kalubale da Dama (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) shafuffuka 181-212. 
• Yuen, Francis K.O. Ayyukan zamantakewa tare da yara da iyalai: tsarin kiwon lafiya na iyali (Routledge, 2014) kan layi.

Magabata {{{before}}}

Stages of human development Childhood

Magaji {{{after}}}