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Doya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
doya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naroot vegetable (en) Fassara
Natural product of taxon (en) FassaraDoya
Farin doya iri-iri, Dioscorea rotundata a cikin kasuwar ranar litinin a Kaduna, Najeriya
Fararen doya a kasuwar dillalai a Brixton, Ingila, 2004

Doya ita ce sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan abinci a cikin halittar doya tana daya daga cikin rukuna abinci na'uin carbohydrates, abinci da Mafi yawancin su suna kara ma jiki kuzari da karfi,ba don gina jiki ba,tana daukar awa uku kafin ta Daina aiki sosaiDioscorea (iyalin Dioscoreaceae ) waɗanda ke samar da tubers masu cin abinci (wasu nau'ika

Doya ita ce inabi ne masu daɗaɗɗen ganye waɗanda aka noma a Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka kuma ana noma su don cin ganyen sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da yanayi mai zafi . Tushen da kansu, waɗanda kuma ake kira "doya", suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban saboda nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da su.[1][2][3][4][5][6] An san wasu nau'ikan doya 870, [7] kaɗan daga cikinsu ana noma su sosai don buroshinsu masu cin abinci amma wasu kuma suna da guba (kamar D. communis ).[8][9][10][11][12][13] Tushen zai iya girma zuwa ƙasa har zuwa 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) zurfi. [7] Shuke-shuken yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar iri . [7][14][15][16] [17][18][19][20]

Manyan abubuwan da aka samo daga fi'ili suna da ma'anar "cin abinci". Doya na gaske suna da sunaye daban-daban gama gari a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. [7]

A wasu wurare, wasu kayan lambu (marasa alaƙa) ana kiransu da "yams", waɗanda suka haɗa da: [7]

  • A Amurka, dankali mai zaki ( Ipomoea batatas ), musamman waɗanda ke da naman lemu, galibi ana kiransu da "yams" [21] [22]
  • A Ostiraliya, ƙwayar Microseris walteri, ko kuma yam daisy, abinci ne na asali ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya a wasu yankuna.
  • A New Zealand, ana kiran oca ( Oxalis tuberosa ) da "yam". [23]
  • A Malaysia da Singapore, taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) ana kiransa "yam". [24]
  • A Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da kuma tsibiran Pacific masu zafi, ana noma Amorphophallus paeonifolius kuma ana kiransa da "ƙafar giwa". [25]

Rarrabawa da wurin zama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Doya ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, Asiya, da Amurka. [7] An yi kiwon nau'ikan guda uku daban-daban a waɗannan nahiyoyi: D. rotundata (Afirka), D. alata (Asiya), da kuma D.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&nbsp;</span>trifida (Kudancin Amurka). [26][27][28][29][30][31]

Ilimin Halittu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu doya tsire-tsire ne masu cin zarafi, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa mai cutarwa a wajen wuraren da aka noma. [32][7][33][34]

Noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Doya mai launin shunayya da aka girbe sabo ( D. alata ) an yanka shi don giciye-sashe

Ana noma doya don cin ƙwayar sitaci a yankuna masu zafi da yanayi mai zafi, musamman a Yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean, Asiya, da Oceania . [7] Kimanin kashi 95% na amfanin gonakin doya ana noma su ne a Afirka. [35][36][37][38]

Gonar doya tana farawa ne lokacin da aka dasa dukkan tsaba ko sassan tubers a cikin tuddai ko tuddai, a farkon lokacin damina. Yawan amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan yadda da kuma inda aka shuka sets ɗin, girman tuddai, tazarar tsakanin tsirrai, samar da sandunan da aka shuka, nau'in doya, da girman tubers da ake so a lokacin girbi. Ƙananan manoma a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka galibi suna haɗa doya da hatsi da kayan lambu. Doya iri suna da lalacewa kuma suna da yawa don jigilar su. Manoma waɗanda ba su sayi sabbin doya iri ba galibi suna ware har zuwa kashi 30% na girbin su don shuka a shekara mai zuwa. Gonar doya tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri da cututtukan fungal da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma nematodes . Girman su da lokacin barcin su sun yi daidai da lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Don yawan amfanin gona, doya suna buƙatar yanayi mai danshi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 1,500 millimetres (59 in) suna rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a duk lokacin girma. Doya fari, rawaya, da ruwa yawanci suna samar da babban buro ɗaya a kowace shekara, gabaɗaya suna da nauyin 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 lb) . [39]

Doya tana fama da ƙarancin kwari da cututtuka. [40] Akwai wani da Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ke haifarwa wanda ya bazu ko'ina a yankunan da ke girma a duniya. [40] Winch et al., 1984 sun gano C. gloeosporioides yana shafar adadi mai yawa na Dioscorea spp.[41][42][43][44][45]

Duk da yawan buƙatun ma'aikata da farashin samarwa, buƙatar masu amfani da doya tana da yawa a wasu yankuna na Afirka, [7] wanda hakan ya sa noman doya ya zama mai riba ga wasu manoma. [46][47][48][49][50]

Manyan nau'ikan da aka noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana samun nau'ikan doya da yawa da aka noma a Dioscorea a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi masu danshi. [7] An tattauna waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a ƙasa. [39]

Tumatur waɗanda ba na Dioscorea ba waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a tarihi a Afirka sun haɗa da Plectranthus rotundifolius (dankalin Hausa) da P. esculentus (dankalin Livingstone); waɗannan amfanin gona guda biyu yanzu an mayar da su baya sosai ta hanyar gabatar da rogo.[51][52][53][54]

D. cayensis

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Doya mai launin rawaya, D. cayensis, da kuma farin doya, <i id="mwARQ">D. cayensis</i> subsp. <i id="mwARU">rotundata</i>, asalinsu daga Afirka ne. Su ne doya mafi mahimmanci da aka noma. A da, ana ɗaukar farin doya a matsayin wani nau'in daban, D. rotundata, amma yawancin masana harkar haraji yanzu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in doya mai launin rawaya. Ana noma nau'ikan doya sama da 200 a tsakaninsu.

Farin doya yana da siffar silinda, fatar tana da santsi da launin ruwan kasa, kuma naman yawanci fari ne da tauri. Doya rawaya tana da launin rawaya, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon kasancewar carotenoids. Yana kama da farin doya a bayyanar waje; fatarsa yawanci tana da ɗan ƙarfi kuma ba ta da faɗi sosai. Doya rawaya tana da tsayin ciyayi da kuma ɗan gajeren barci fiye da farin doya.

Nau'in Kokoro yana da mahimmanci wajen yin busasshen dankalin doya. [55]

Manyan tsirrai ne; inabin na iya zama tsawon 10 to 12 metres (33 to 39 ft) . Tushen galibi suna da nauyin kimanin 2.5 to 5 kilograms (6 to 11 lb) kowanne, amma zai iya nauyin har zuwa 25 kilograms (55 lb) . Bayan tsawon watanni 7 zuwa 12, ana girbe 'ya'yan itacen. A Afirka, yawancinsu ana niƙa su a cikin manna don yin abincin gargajiya na "yayan da aka niƙa", wanda aka sani da Iyan .

D. alata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Doya mai launin shunayya ( D. alata )

D. alata, wanda ake kira da shunayya doya (ba za a iya rikita shi da shunayya "yam" na Okinawa ba, wanda shine dankalin turawa mai zaki ), babban doya, doya mai fuka-fuki, doya ruwa, da (wanda ba a iya fahimta ba) farin doya, [1] [2] an fara noma shi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [2] Duk da cewa ba a noma shi daidai da doya na Afirka ba, yana da mafi girman rarrabawa a duk duniya fiye da duk wani doya da aka noma, ana noma shi a Asiya, tsibiran Pacific, Afirka, da Yammacin Indiya. [2] Ko a Afirka, shaharar doya ruwa tana ta biyu bayan farin doya. Siffar tuber gabaɗaya silinda ce, amma tana iya bambanta. Naman tuber fari ne kuma mai ruwa a yanayinsa.

D. alata da D. esculenta (ƙaramin doya) sune muhimman amfanin gona ga al'adun Austronesian masu tafiya a teku. An ɗauke su tare da ƙaura daga Austronesian a matsayin tsire-tsire na kwale-kwale, daga Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya zuwa har zuwa Madagascar da Polynesia . [56] [57] [58] [59]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture D.E. (1987). Root Crops. London, UK: Tropical Development and Research Institute.
  2. ↑ Thompson, Anthony Keith (2014). Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage. <ref>Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113 odoi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. PMID 27247383.
  3. ↑ Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.
  4. ↑ Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.<ref>White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.
  5. ↑ Schultz, G.E. (1993). "Element Stewardship Abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera, Air potato". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  6. ↑ Zulu, Donald; Ellis, Richard H.; Culham, Alastair (25 January 2019). "Collection, Consumption, and Sale of Lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora) — a Wild Yam — by Rural Households in Southern Province, Zambia".

    Bayani

    Doya
    Doya, wadda take da alaƙa da furannin fure da ciyawa, ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi, tana girma inabin inabi na tsawon lokaci daga buro . <ref name="cabi">"Dioscorea alata (white yam)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Dioscorea alata (white yam)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cabi" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Zulu, D.; Ellis, R. H.; Culham, A. (2020). "Propagation of lusala (Dioscorea hirtiflora), a wild yam, for in situ and ex situ conservation and potential domestication". Experimental Agriculture. 56 (3): 453–468. doi:10.1017/S0014479720000083. S2CID 216212360.
  9. ↑ Thompson, Anthony Keith; Oduro, Ibok (2021). Yams: Botany, Production and Uses. Oxford: CABI. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-78924-927-9.
  10. ↑ Linus Opara (2003). "YAMS: Post-Harvest Operation" (PDF).
  11. ↑ "Yam production in 2019". Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity. FAOSTAT, Statistics Division of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  12. ↑ Dioscorea dumetorum: Useful Tropical Plants
  13. ↑ Jesus, M.; Martins, A. P; Gallardo, E.; Silvestre, S. (2016). "Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2016: Shuke-shuken doya na iya girma har zuwa 15 metres (50 ft) a tsayi da 7 to 15 centimetres (2.8 to 5.9 in) . <ref name="cabi">"Dioscorea alata (white yam)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  14. ↑ Oke, O.L. (1990). Redhead, J.; Hussain, M.A. (eds.). Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 978-92-5-102862-9.
  15. ↑ Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2008.
  16. ↑ Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition - Nutritive value". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 25 May 2020. Tushen da ake ci yana da fata mai kauri wadda take da wahalar barewa amma tana da laushi idan aka dafa ta. Fatar ta bambanta a launi daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Yawancin nama, ko nama, na kayan lambu sun ƙunshi wani abu mai laushi wanda ya bambanta daga fari ko rawaya zuwa shunayya ko ruwan hoda a cikin doya mai girma.<ref>"Kwashiorkor (Protein-Calorie Malnutrition)". Tropical Medicine Central Resource. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.

    Asalin Ma'anar

    Sunan "yam" ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Portugal inhame ko Canarian Spanish ñame, wanda ya samo asali ne daga harshen Fula, ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Yammacin Afirka a lokacin ciniki. Duk da haka, a cikin harshen Portuguese, wannan sunan yawanci yana nufin shukar taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) daga nau'in Colocasia, sabanin Dioscorea . <ref>"Inhame dos Açores". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  17. ↑ "Sabores dos Açores:". Clube Vinhos Portugueses. 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  18. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ↑ TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  20. ↑ Uwaegbute, Osho and Obatolu (1998). Postharvest technology and commodity marketing: Proceedings of a postharvest conference. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. p. 172. ISBN 978-978-131-111-6.
  21. ↑ "What is the difference between sweet potatoes and yams?". LOC.gov.
  22. ↑ "Economic Research Service" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  23. ↑ Albihn, P.B.E.; Savage, G.P. (18 June 2001). "The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol)". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 81 (10): 1027–1033. Bibcode:2001JSFA...81.1027A. doi:10.1002/jsfa.890.
  24. ↑ Lam, Lim Chin. "I yam not taro". The Star.
  25. ↑ Santosa, Edi; et al. (28 June 2017). "Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia". PLOS ONE. 12 (6). Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1280000S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180000. PMC 5489206. PMID 28658282.
  26. ↑ Nora Scarcelli; et al. (1 May 2019). "Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication". Science Advances. 5 (5). Bibcode:2019SciA....5.1947S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947. PMC 6527260. PMID 31114806.
  27. ↑ "Undernutrition". The Merck Manual: The Home Health Handbook. 2010.
  28. ↑ OB Izekor; MI Olumese (December 2010). "Determinants of yam production and profitability in Edo State, Nigeria" (PDF). African Journal of General Agriculture. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017.
  29. ↑ Yam, raw nutrition facts and analysis". www.nutritionvalue.org. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  30. ↑ Nutrient data laboratory". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  31. ↑ Roots, Tubers, and Plantains in Food Security: In Sub-Saharan Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Pacific. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 1989. ISBN 978-92-5-102782-0.
  32. ↑ Robertson, Gordon; Lupien, John (2008). "Minimizing Postharvest Losses in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and Techniques". Using food science and technology to improve nutrition and promote national development: Selected case studies. International Union of Food Science & Technology. S2CID 107695924.
  33. ↑ Sam, Christopher (1 May 2021). "Food and culture: A case study of Ghana's Etor/Otor (Recipe Included)". TheAfricanDream. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  34. ↑ Nweke, Felix; Aidoo, Robert; Okoye, Benjamin (July 2013). "Yam Consumption Patterns in West Africa". Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  35. ↑ "Everyday Mysteries: Yam". Library of Congress, United States of America. 2011.
  36. ↑ Mavis, Meals by (1 January 2022). "Yam Eto (Ghanaian Mashed Yams)". Meals by Mavis. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  37. ↑ Osinkolu, Lola (27 August 2021). "YAM | TRUE YAM | AFRICAN YAM". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  38. ↑ TRT Global - Nigeria: How New Yam Festival keeps Igbo's rooted traditions alive". trt.global. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  39. 1 2 Calverly (1998). "Storage and Processing of Roots and Tubers in the Tropics". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "stofao1" defined multiple times with different content.
  40. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Solomon".
  41. ↑ El cultivo de ñame en el Caribe colombiano". Banco de la República, Colombia. 21 June 2012.
  42. ↑ More Than a Trend: The History of Ube and What It Means to the Filipino People". Kapwa Gardens. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  43. ↑ Yam Root Dye
  44. ↑ Singh, K.K. and Kaushal Kumar. Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya. 2000. p.18.
  45. ↑ Rana, M., Kabra, A., Kabra, R., Rana, M. and Dhatwalia, V. 2015. Plant Species used by locals as Ethano - Medicine in Gohar Tehsil, Distt. Mandi Region of North Western Himalaya. Archived 7 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine PharmaTutor. 3, 4 (Apr. 2015), 47-52.
  46. ↑ "PubMed Central (PMC)". PubMed Central (PMC) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  47. ↑ Rajendra, Gupta (1993). "Conservation and utilization of Indian Medicinal Plants". Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 6 (2). ISSN 0971-8184. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  48. ↑ Naleba, Mere (25 April 2015). "Million dollar aim". The Fiji Times Online. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  49. ↑ Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1.
  50. ↑ Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (12): 3349–3350. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.3349M. doi:10.1021/ja01869a023.
  51. ↑ Goody, Jack (1996). Cooking, cuisine and class: A study in comparative sociology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-0-521-28696-1.
  52. ↑ Djerassi, C. (December 1992). "Steroid Research at Syntex: "The Pill" and Cortisone". Steroids. 57 (12): 631–641. doi:10.1016/0039-128X(92)90016-3. PMC 1294257. PMID 1481227. S2CID 5933910.
  53. ↑ Liu MJ, Wang Z, Ju Y, Wong RN, Wu QY (2005). "Diosgenin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 55 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0849-3. PMID 15372201. S2CID 11779821.
  54. ↑ "Roots, Tubers, Plantains and Bananas in Human Nutrition". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Acknowledgments, preface, introduction, origins, and distribution.
  55. ↑ Dumont, R.; Vernier, P. (2000). "Domestication of yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) within the Bariba ethnic group in Benin". Outlook on Agriculture. 29 (2): 137. Bibcode:2000OutAg..29..137D. doi:10.5367/000000000101293149. S2CID 154609802.
  56. ↑ Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. PMID 27247383.
  57. ↑ Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). "The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142. S2CID 55763047.
  58. ↑ Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). "Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study" (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226.
  59. ↑ White, L.D. (2003). "Uhi". Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi.
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