Inja

Inja

Umbuso

Animalia (Izilwane)

Uzalo

Iqembu

Uhlelo

Umndeni

Umkhakha

Canis

Uhlobo

C. lupus (Inja yasendle)

Uhlobo oluncane

C. l. familiaris (Inja)

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Wiktionary:

inja

Inja (noma Inja enkulu) isilwane. Insikazi yenja injakazi. Iduna yenja ichalaha.

iBoerboel
Inja yaseNingizimu Afrika
iPoligraf
iTerrier mixed-breed
iSpaniel trio

Behavior

Ukuziphatha kwezinja kulolongwe yizinkulungwane zeminyaka yokuxhumana nabantu. Sezizuze ikhono lokuqonda nokuxhumana nabantu futhi ziqondene kakhulu nokuziphatha kwabantu. Ososayensi bokuziphatha baphakamise ukuthi iqoqo lamakhono okuqonda nokuxhumana nabanya abantu ezinjeni ezifuywayo, angatholakali ezihlotsheni zazo noma kwezinye izilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu njengezinkawu ezinkulu, ahambisana namakhono okuqonda kwezingane. Izinja zinephindwe sama-neuron eliphindwe kabili kunalokho amakati anakho, okusikisela ukuthi zingaba nokuhlakanipha okuphindwe kabili.^[1]

Izilwane eziningi ezifuywayo ekuqaleni zazifuyelwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo. Izinja, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zazifuywa ngokukhetha izici zokuziphatha ezifiselekayo.^[2]^[3] Ngo-2016, ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi izakhi zofuzo eziyi-11 kuphela ezabonisa ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwezimphisi nezinja.^[3] Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo zibonisa ukuvela kokukhethwa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuhlukahluka kokuziphatha nezici zomzimba. Lezi zakhi zofuzo kuboniswe ukuthi zithinta indlela ye-catecholamine synthesis, ngeningi lezakhi zofuzo ezithinta ukusabela kokulwa noma kokuphuma^[3]^[4] (okungukuthi, ukukhethwa kokulula) kanye nokucubungula imizwelo.^[3] Uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezifana nazo ze-wolf, izinja zivame ukuba namahloni futhi zingabi nobudlova, yize ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ziye zahlotshaniswa nobudlova ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinja.^[5]^[3] Izici zokuxhumana okuphakeme nokuntuleka kokwesaba ezinjeni zingahlanganisa izinguquko zofuzo ezihlobene ne-Williams-Beuren syndrome kubantu, ezibangela ukuxhumana ngokweqile ngokulahlekelwa Ikhono lokuxazulula izinkinga.^[6] Ocwaningweni lwango-2023 lwezinja ezingu-58, ezinye izinja ezihlukaniswe njenge-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like zabonisa amazinga aphansi e-I-serotonin ne-I-dopamine.^[7] Ucwaningo olufanayo lusho ukuthi i-hyperactivity ivame kakhulu ezinjeni zesilisa nezincane.^[8] Inja ingaba nobudlova ngenxa yokulimala noma ukuhlukunyezwa, ukwesaba noma ukukhathazeka, ukuvikelwa kwendawo, noma ukuvikela into ayibheka njengebalulekile.^[9] Ukusabela kokucindezeleka okubucayi okuvela ekuphazamisekeni kokucindezeleka kwangemva kwesimo esibucayi (PTSD) okubonwa ezinjeni kungaphenduka Ukucindezeleka okungapheli.^[10] Izinja zamaphoyisa ezine-PTSD zivame ukwenqaba ukusebenza.^[11]

Behavior

Ukuziphatha kwezinja kulolongwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka yokuxhumana nabantu. Zithole ikhono lokuqonda nokuxhumana nabantu futhi zivumelana ngokuhlukile nokuziphatha kwabantu. Ososayensi bokuziphatha basikisela ukuthi amakhono okuqonda inhlalakahle yezinja ezifuywayo ezingenazo izihlobo zezinja noma ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, njengezinkawu ezinkulu zifana namakhono okuqonda inhlalo ezingane. Izinja zinenani lama-neuron eliphindwe kabili kunalokho amakati anakho okusikisela ukuthi angaba nokuhlakanipha okuphindwe kabili.^[1]

1 2 Gibbens, Sarah (2017-01-12). "Are Dogs Smarter Than Cats? Science Has an Answer". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2024-11-24.
↑ Serpell JA, Duffy DL (2014). "Dog Breeds and Their Behavior". Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. pp. 31–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2. ISBN 978-3-642-53993-0.
1 2 3 4 5 Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (December 2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...10C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 (inactive 6 April 2026). PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.
↑ Almada, Rafael Carvalho; Coimbra, Norberto Cysne (June 2015). "Recruitment of striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during the organization of defensive behavior by mice in a dangerous environment with the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus (Reptilia, Viperidae)". Synapse. 69 (6): 299–313. doi:10.1002/syn.21814. PMID 25727065.
↑ Lord, Kathryn; Schneider, Richard A.; Coppinger, Raymond (2016). "Evolution of Working Dogs". In Serpell, James. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–66. doi:10.1017/9781139161800. ISBN 978-1-107-02414-4.
↑ vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Shuldiner, Emily; Koch, Ilana Janowitz; Kartzinel, Rebecca Y.; Hogan, Andrew; Brubaker, Lauren; Wanser, Shelby; Stahler, Daniel; Wynne, Clive D. L.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Sinsheimer, Janet S.; Udell, Monique A. R. (7 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs". Science Advances. 3 (7). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0398V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC 5517105. PMID 28776031. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
↑ González-Martínez, Ángela; Muñiz de Miguel, Susana; Graña, Noemi; Costas, Xiana; Diéguez, Francisco Javier (13 March 2023). "Serotonin and Dopamine Blood Levels in ADHD-Like Dogs". Animals. 13 (6): 1037. doi:10.3390/ani13061037. PMC 10044280 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36978578 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Sulkama, Sini; Puurunen, Jenni; Salonen, Milla; Mikkola, Salla; Hakanen, Emma; Araujo, César; Lohi, Hannes (October 2021). "Canine hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention share similar demographic risk factors and behavioural comorbidities with human ADHD". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 501. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01626-x. PMC 8486809 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34599148 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ "How to Handle Aggression Between Dogs (Inter-Dog Aggressive Behavior)". petmd.com (in i-English). Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Fan, Zhicong; Bian, Zhaowei; Huang, Hongcan; Liu, Tingting; Ren, Ruiti; Chen, Xiaomin; Zhang, Xiaohe; Wang, Yingjia; Deng, Baichuan; Zhang, Lingna (21 February 2023). "Dietary Strategies for Relieving Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats". Antioxidants. 12 (3): 545. doi:10.3390/antiox12030545. PMC 10045725 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36978793 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ "Dogs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)". American Kennel Club (in i-English). American Kennel Club's Staff. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[ng-1] 1 2 Gibbens, Sarah (2017-01-12). "Are Dogs Smarter Than Cats? Science Has an Answer". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2024-11-24.

[2] Serpell JA, Duffy DL (2014). "Dog Breeds and Their Behavior". Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. pp. 31–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2. ISBN 978-3-642-53993-0.

[cagan2016-3] 1 2 3 4 5 Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (December 2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...10C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 (inactive 6 April 2026). PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.

[4] Almada, Rafael Carvalho; Coimbra, Norberto Cysne (June 2015). "Recruitment of striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during the organization of defensive behavior by mice in a dangerous environment with the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus (Reptilia, Viperidae)". Synapse. 69 (6): 299–313. doi:10.1002/syn.21814. PMID 25727065.

[5] Lord, Kathryn; Schneider, Richard A.; Coppinger, Raymond (2016). "Evolution of Working Dogs". In Serpell, James. The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–66. doi:10.1017/9781139161800. ISBN 978-1-107-02414-4.

[sciencemag-6] vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Shuldiner, Emily; Koch, Ilana Janowitz; Kartzinel, Rebecca Y.; Hogan, Andrew; Brubaker, Lauren; Wanser, Shelby; Stahler, Daniel; Wynne, Clive D. L.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Sinsheimer, Janet S.; Udell, Monique A. R. (7 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs". Science Advances. 3 (7). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0398V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC 5517105. PMID 28776031. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)

[7] González-Martínez, Ángela; Muñiz de Miguel, Susana; Graña, Noemi; Costas, Xiana; Diéguez, Francisco Javier (13 March 2023). "Serotonin and Dopamine Blood Levels in ADHD-Like Dogs". Animals. 13 (6): 1037. doi:10.3390/ani13061037. PMC 10044280 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36978578 Check |pmid= value (help).

[8] Sulkama, Sini; Puurunen, Jenni; Salonen, Milla; Mikkola, Salla; Hakanen, Emma; Araujo, César; Lohi, Hannes (October 2021). "Canine hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention share similar demographic risk factors and behavioural comorbidities with human ADHD". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 501. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01626-x. PMC 8486809 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34599148 Check |pmid= value (help).

[9] "How to Handle Aggression Between Dogs (Inter-Dog Aggressive Behavior)". petmd.com (in i-English). Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[10] Fan, Zhicong; Bian, Zhaowei; Huang, Hongcan; Liu, Tingting; Ren, Ruiti; Chen, Xiaomin; Zhang, Xiaohe; Wang, Yingjia; Deng, Baichuan; Zhang, Lingna (21 February 2023). "Dietary Strategies for Relieving Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats". Antioxidants. 12 (3): 545. doi:10.3390/antiox12030545. PMC 10045725 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36978793 Check |pmid= value (help).

[11] "Dogs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)". American Kennel Club (in i-English). American Kennel Club's Staff. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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