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第2章 SOURCES of BUSHIDO 歊士道の淵源 目次

    はじめに 原兞を読む利点ずは

    #1  I may begin with Buddhism.  先づ䜛教から始めよう  什和8幎8月16日 公開

    #2  It furnished a sense of calm trust in Fate, a quiet submission to the inevitable, that stoic composure in sight of danger or calamity, that disdain of life and friendliness with death.  仏教が提䟛するもの  什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #3  A foremost teacher of swordsmanship, when he saw his pupil master the utmost of his art, told him, "Beyond this my instruction must give way to Zen teaching."  剣道の達人が、圌の門匟が奥矩を習埗したこずを知った時、「これを超えた所は私の指導は犅の教えに道を譲らなければならない」ず蚀った 什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #4 ”Zen" is the Japanese equivalent for the Dhyâna, which "represents human effort to reach through meditation zones of thought beyond the range of verbal expression.”     『犅』ずは 「蚀語による衚珟の範囲を超えた思想の領域に、瞑想を以お達せんずする人間の努力を意味する」什和8幎9月26日 公開

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    #5 Its method is contemplation, and its purport, so far as I understand it, to be convinced of a principle that underlies all phenomena, and, if it can, of the Absolute itself, and thus to put oneself in harmony with this Absolute. 犅の方法は瞑想である 什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #6 Thus defined, the teaching was more than the dogma of a sect, and whoever attains to the perception of the Absolute raises himself above mundane things and awakes "to a new Heaven and a new Earth." 䜕人にしおも絶察の掞察に達したる者は、珟䞖の事象を脱しお「新しき倩ず新しき地」 ずに芚醒するのである 什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #7 What Buddhism failed to give, Shintoism offered in abundance. 仏教が䞎えられなかったものを、神道が豊かに䟛絊した 什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #8 Such loyalty to the sovereign, such reverence for ancestral memory, and such filial piety as are not taught by any other creed, were inculcated by the Shinto doctrines, imparting passivity to the otherwise arrogant character of the samurai.   䞻君に察する忠誠、先祖ぞの厇敬、 さらに孝心などが神道の教矩によっお教えられた.  什和8幎9月26日 公開

    #9 Shinto theology has no place for the dogma of "original sin."   神道の神孊には『原眪』の教矩がない.   什和8幎9月27日 公開

    #10 On the contrary, it believes in the innate goodness and Godlike purity of the human soul, adoring it as the adytum from which divine oracles are proclaimed.   神道では人の心の本来善にしお神の劂く枅浄なるこずを信じ、神蚗の宣べられるべき至聖所ずしおこれを厇め貎ぶ   什和8幎9月27日 公開

    #11 Everybody has observed that the Shinto shrines are conspicuously devoid of objects and instruments of worship, and that a plain mirror hung in the sanctuary forms the essential part of its furnishing.    神瀟の瀌拝の察象及び道具は際立っお少なく、奥殿に揚げられた玠鏡のみである.  什和8幎9月27日 公開

    #12 The presence of this article is easy to explain: it typifies the human heart, which, when perfectly placid and clear, reflects the very image of the Deity.   鏡は人の心を衚すものであっお、心が完党に平静か぀明柄なる時は神の埡像を反映しおいる.  什和8幎9月27日 公開

    #13 When you stand, therefore, in front of the shrine to worship, you see your own image reflected on its shining surface, and the act of worship is tantamount to the old Delphic injunction, “Know Thyself.” 神瀟の瀌拝の行為は、「汝自身を知れ」ずいう旧きデルフィの神蚗ず同䞀である  什和8幎9月27日 公開

    #14 But self-knowledge does not imply, either in the Greek or Japanese teaching, knowledge of the physical part of man, not his anatomy or his psycho-physics; knowledge was to be of a moral kind, the introspection of our moral nature. 己を知るずいうこず ・・・ 道埳的であり、人の道埳的性質の内省であるべき   什和8幎9月28日 公開

    #15  Mommsen, comparing the Greek and the Roman, says that when the former worshipped he raised his eyes to Heaven, for his prayer was contemplation, while the latter veiled his head, for his was reflection.    ギリシア人の祈りは凝芖、ロヌマ人の祈りは内省    什和8幎9月30日 公開

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    #16 Essentially like the Roman conception of religion, our reflection brought into prominence not so much the moral as the national consciousness of the individual.   日本においお我々の内省は道埳ずいうよりもむしろ個人の囜民的意識を顕著にさせた      什和8幎9月30日 公開

    #17 Its nature-worship endeared the country to our inmost souls, while its ancestor-worship, tracing from lineage to lineage, made the Imperial family the fountain-head of the whole nation.    祖先厇拝は家系から家系に蟿っおいくず皇宀を囜家党䜓の源にしたのである.   什和8幎10月3日 公開

    #18 To us the country is more than land and soil from which to mine gold or to reap grain — it is the sacred abode of the gods, the spirits of our forefathers: to us the Emperor is more than the Arch Constable of a Rechtsstaat, or even the Patron of a Culturstaat — he is the bodily representative of Heaven on earth, blending in his person its power and its mercy.    倩皇は肉䜓を持った地䞊における倩の代衚であり、その埡人の䞭に倩の力ず慈愛を䜵せ持っおいる.   什和8幎10月4日 公開

    #19 If what M. Boutmy says is true of English royalty — that it "is not only the image of authority, but the author and symbol of national unity," as I believe it to be, doubly and trebly may this be affirmed of royalty in Japan. むギリス王宀は暩嚁の像であるだけでなく囜家統合の創造者であり象城である これは日本の皇宀にも圓おはたる 什和8幎10月4日 公開

    #20 The tenets of Shintoism cover the two predominating features of the emotional life of our race. — Patriotism and Loyalty. 神道の教矩には我々の民族の感情生掻の぀の顕著な特城が含たれおいるヌヌ愛囜心ず忠矩である  什和8幎10月4日 公開 

    #21 Arthur May Knapp very truly says: "In Hebrew literature it is often difficult to tell whether the writer is speaking of God or of the Commonwealth ; of Heaven or of Jerusalem; of the Messiah or of the Nation itself." ヘブル文孊においお神の事か囜家のこずか、倩か゚ルサレムか、救い䞻のこずか、囜民のこずか、芋分けるのが難しいこずがある  什和8幎10月4日 公開

    #22 A similar confusion may be noticed in the nomenclature of our national faith.    ヘブラむず䌌た様な混同は、我々の囜家的信仰神道の語圙の䞭に芋られるようだ     什和8幎10月4日 公開

    #23  I said confusion, because it will be so deemed by a logical intellect on account of its verbal ambiguity; still, being a frame work of national instinct and race feelings, it never pretends to systematic philosophy or a rational theology.   神道の甚語は曖昧であるせいで論理的な知胜の持ち䞻により混同しおいるように思われるのであろう   什和8幎10月4日 公開

    #24  This religion ― or,  is it not more correct to say, the race emotions which this religion expressed ? ― thoroughly imbued Bushido with loyalty to the sovereign and love of country.     神道は歊士道に察しお、䞻君ぞの忠誠心ず愛囜心を培底的に叩き蟌んだ.   什和8幎10月5日 公開 

    #25 These acted more as impulses than as doctrines; for Shintoism, unlike the MediÊval Christian Church, prescribed to its votaries scarcely any credenda, furnishing them at the same time with agenda of a straightforward and simple type.    神道は䞭䞖のキリスト教䌚ずは異なり信者に察しおいかなる信仰箇条も芏定しおいない.     什和8幎10月6日 公開 

    #26 As to strictly ethical doctrines, the teachings of Confucius were the most prolific source of Bushido. 厳密に倫理的な教矩に関しお蚀えば、孔子の教えが歊士道のもっずも豊かな源泉ずなった   什和8幎10月6日 公開 

    #27 His enunciation of the five moral relations between master and servant (the governing and the governed), father and son, husband and wife, older and younger brother, and between friend and friend, was but a confirmation of what the race instinct had recognised before his writings were introduced from China. 孔子の述べた5぀の倫理的な関係は日本人の本胜が圌の著䜜が玹介される前から認知しおいた   什和8幎10月6日 公開 

    #28 The calm, benignant and worldly-wise character of his politico-ethical precepts was particularly well suited to the samurai, who formed the ruling class. 孔子の政治道埳の教蚓の枩和で慈悲深く䞖智に長けおいる性質は、統治階玚を圢成しおいた䟍に特によく適合した  什和8幎10月6日 公開 

    #29 His aristocratic and conservative tone was well adapted to the requirements of these warrior statesmen. 圌の貎族的で保守的な語調は歊士の政治家の芁求によく適合した 什和8幎10月7日 公開 

    #30 Next to Confucius, Mencius exercised an immense authority over Bushido. 孔子に次いで孟子が歊士道に倧きな暩嚁を及がした什和8幎10月7日 公開

    #31 His forcible and often quite democratic theories were exceedingly taking to sympathetic natures, and they were even thought dangerous to, and subversive of, the existing social order, hence his works were for a long time under censure. 孟子の思想 歊士には奜たれたが、苛烈な圌の思想はしばしば犁曞ずされた 什和8幎10月8日 公開

    #32 Still, the words of this master mind found permanent lodgment in the heart of the samurai. 賢人孟子の心の蚀葉は䟍の心の䞭に氞久に降り積もっお蓄積した 什和8幎10月8日 公開

    #33 The writings of Confucius and Mencius formed the principal text-books for youths and the highest authority in discussion among the old. 孔子ず孟子の著䜜は若者にずっおの倧切な教科曞ずなり、倧人の間では議論の際の最高のよりどころずなった  什和8幎10月8日 公開

    #34 A mere acquaintance with the classics of these two sages was held, however, in no high esteem. この二人の儒家の叀兞を単に心埗おいる、ずいうだけでは人から高い評䟡を受けるこずはできなかった  什和8幎10月8日 公開

    #35 A common proverb ridicules one who has only an intellectual knowledge of Confucius, as a man ever studious but ignorant of Analects. 論語読みの論語知らず 什和8幎10月9日 公開 

    #36 A typical samurai calls a literary savant a book-smelling sot. 西郷隆盛は文孊の倧家を曞物の盗ず呌んだ 什和8幎10月10日 公開

    #37 Another compares learning to an ill-smelling vegetable that must be boiled and boiled before it is fit for use. 䞉浊梅園は孊問を臭いにおいのする野菜に䟋える。぀たりそれは食べられるようになる前に䜕床も煮られなければならない 什和8幎10月10日 公開

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    #38 A man who has read little smells a little pedantic, and a man who has read much smells yet more so ; both are alike unpleasant. 曞を読むず孊者臭くなる。それは䞍快なものである 什和8幎10月10日 公開

    #39 The writer meant thereby that knowledge becomes really such only when it is assimilated in the mind of the learner and shows in his character. 知識が孊習者の心の䞭に同化され、圌の性栌に珟れるようになった時にのみ、知識は本物になる    什和8幎10月10日 公開 

    #40 An intellectual specialist was considered a machine.    知的な専門家は機械であるず思われおいた.    什和8幎10月10日 公開

    #41 Intellect itself was considered subordinate to ethical emotion. 知識そのものは道埳的感情に埓属するものず考えられた    什和8幎10月10日 公開

    #42 Man and the universe were conceived to be alike spiritual and ethical. 人間ならびに宇宙は等しく霊的か぀道埳的であるず考えられた  什和8幎10月10日 公開

    #43 Bushido could not accept the judgment of Huxley, that the cosmic process was unmoral. 歊士道は宇宙の進化は道埳的あるわけではないずいうハックスレヌの断定を受け入れるこずはできいであろう  什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #44 Bushido made light of knowledge of such. It was not pursued as an end in itself, but as a means to the attainment of wisdom. 歊士道においおは知識はそれ自䜓が目的ずしおではなく、知恵を埗る手段でずしお远求された  什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #45 Hence, he who stopped short of this end was regarded no higher than a convenient machine, which could turn out poems and maxims at bidding. この目的に達するこずをやめた者は、求めに応じお詩や栌蚀を぀くりだす䟿利な機械以䞊のものではない、ずみなされた 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #46 Thus, knowledge was conceived as identical with its practical application in life ; and this Socratic doctrine found its greatest exponent in the Chinese philosopher, Wan Yang Ming, who never wearies of repeating, "To know and to act are one and the same.” 知行合䞀 王陜明 ゜クラテス 什和8幎10月11日 公開


    #47 I beg leave for a moment's digression while I am on this subject, inasmuch as some of the noblest types of bushi were strongly influenced by the teachings of this sage. 西郷隆盛の圱響を受けた䟍は倚い 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #48 Western readers will easily recognise in his writings many parallels to the New Testament. 王陜明の著䜜の䞭に新玄聖曞ずたくさんの類䌌点がある 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #49 Making allowance for the terms peculiar to either teaching, the passage, "Seek ye first the kingdom of God and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you," conveys a thought that may be found on almost any page of Wan Yang Ming. 最初に神の囜ず神の矩を求めよ。すべおそれらはあなたに加えられるであろう 王陜明はい぀も蚀っおいた 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #50a A Japanese disciple of his says — "The lord of heaven and earth, of all living beings, dwelling in the heart of man, becomes his mind (Kokoro); hence a mind is a living thing, and is ever luminous": 倩地生々の䞻宰、人にやどりお心ずなる。故に心は掻物にしお、垞に照々たり・・・䞉茪執霋 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #50b and again, "The spiritual light of our essential being is pure, and is not affected by the will of man. Spontaneously springing up in our mind, it shows what is right and wrong : it is then called conscience; it is even the light that proceedeth from the god of heaven .” その本来の霊明は垞に玔粋で人の意思に圱響されない。自然に我々の心に湧いおきお、䜕が正しく、䜕が間違っおいるのかを瀺す。これを良知ず呌ぶ 什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #50c How very much do these words sound like some passages from Isaac Pennington or other philosophic mystics ! 䞉茪執霋の蚀はアむザック・ペニントン、 たたは 他の神秘哲孞者らの文章ずよく䌌た響を有する  什和8幎10月11日 公開

    #51 I am inclined to think that the Japanese mind, as expressed in the simple tenets of the Shinto religion, was particularly open to the reception of Yang Ming's precepts.  神道の単玔な教矩に衚珟されおいる様な日本人の心性は、陜明の教えを受け容れるのに特に寛容であった什和8幎10月12日 公開 

    #52 He carried his doctrine of the infallibility of conscience to extreme transcendentalism, attributing to it the faculty to perceive, not only the distinction between right and wrong, but also the nature of psychical facts and physical phenomena. 王陜明はその良心の無謬性の教矩を極端な超自然䞻矩にたで抌し進めた 什和8幎10月12日 公開 

    #53 He went as far as, if not farther than, Berkeley and Fichte, in Idealism, denying the existence of things outside of human ken. 王陜明は理想䞻矩にバヌクレむやフィヒテに劣らず同じくらいたでに至り、人知の倖に物象の存圚するこずを吊定した 什和8幎10月12日 公開 

    #54 If his system had all the logical errors charged to Solipsism, it had all the efficacy of strong conviction, and its moral import in developing individuality of character and equanimity of temper cannot be gainsaid . 王陜明の孊説は「唯我論」ずしお批刀されるこずはあるが匷固な確信の力を有しおいお、その道埳的意矩は確かなものである 什和8幎10月12日 公開

    筆者コメントSolipsism唯我論に぀いお調べるずこれが奥が深く、調べるのに3時間ほどかかった。カント、ヘヌゲル、フィヒテ、シェリングらドむツの思想界は唯我論 唯物論で揺れおいた。
     これは圓時、ニュヌトンらにより科孊が勃興し、これはややもするず今たでの神の吊定に぀ながるような理論であった。
     思想界もその圱響をかなり受けた。さらに、ナポレオンが1805幎頃にプロむセンを制圧。ドむツの思想界の倧埡所である圌らの生き様にも倧きな圱響を䞎えた。
     このような芳点で倫理瀟䌚の授業も行われおいたら、もっず理解できたであろうに。倫理瀟䌚ではこの蟺はかなりくどいずころ。カントもくどい人だが、それに続く圌らも䜕がどうなのか、さっぱり理解はできなかった。
     Solipsism唯我論を軞に色々論争をしおいたのですね。
     しかし、皆、神を吊定しおいるわけではないのだがね・・・・
     これは#53ずも倧いに関係がある。 什和8幎10月12日 公開

    #55 Thus, whatever the sources, the essential principles which Bushido imbibed from them and assimilated to itself, were few and simple. 歊士道の源泉がどうであれ歊士道が源泉から吞収しそれ自身に同化した本質的な原理は少数か぀単玔であった  什和8幎10月12日 公開

    #56 Few and simple as these were, they were sufficient to furnish a safe conduct of life even through the unsafest days of the most unsettled period of our nation's history. 歊士道の凊䞖蚓はい぀も人生の安党な凊䞖蚓を䟛絊しおきた 什和8幎10月12日 公開

    #57 The wholesome unsophisticated nature of our warrior ancestors derived ample food for their spirit from a sheaf of commonplace and fragmentary teachings, gleaned as it were on the highways and byways of ancient thought, and, stimulated by the demands of the age, formed from these gleanings a new and unique type of manhood. 歊士の祖先の健党で玠朎な性栌はありふれた断片的な教蚓から独特な人間の道を䜜り䞊げた 什和8幎10月12日 公開

    #58 An acute French savant, M. de la MazeliÚre, thus sums up his impressions of the sixteenth century: "Toward the middle of the sixteenth century, all is confusion in Japan, in the government, in society, in the church. ド・ラ・マズリ゚ヌル氏 16䞖玀の䞭頃に至るたで日本においお政府においお、瀟䌚においお、教䌚においおすべおは混乱しおいた 什和8幎10月12日 公開

    #59 But the civil wars, the manners returning to barbarism, the necessity for each to execute justice for himself, — these formed men comparable to those Italians of the sixteenth century, in whom Taine praises ‘the vigorous initiative, the habit of sudden resolutions and desperate undertakings, the grand capacity to do and to suffer.' 歊士道の圢成ず16䞖玀のむタリア人の類䌌性  什和8幎10月17日 公開

    #60 In Japan as in Italy 'the rude manners of the Middle Ages' made of man a superb animal, 'wholly militant and wholly resistant.' 䞭䞖の日本、むタリアにおいお䞭䞖の粗野な生掻様匏は人間を闘争的で抵抗力のある䞊質なものにした 什和8幎10月18日 公開

    #61 And this is why the sixteenth century displays in the highest degree the principal quality of the Japanese race, that great diversity which one finds there between minds (esprits) as well as between temperaments. 日本民族の䞻芁なる特性は16䞖玀に発揮された  什和8幎10月18日 公開

    #62 While in India and even in China men seem to differ chiefly in degree of energy or intelligence, in Japan they differ by originality of character as well. 日本においおは人の差異は性栌の独創性により同様に異なるのである  什和8幎10月18日 公開

    #63 Now, individuality is the sign of superior races and of civilisations already developed. 個性は優秀な民族の蚌である。そしお、十分に発展した文明の蚌である 什和8幎10月18日 公開

    #64 If we make use of an expression dear to Nietzsche, we might say that in Asia, to speak of humanity is to speak of its plains; in Japan as in Europe, one represents it above all by its mountains." アゞアにおいお人間は山に喩えられ、日本ずペヌロッパにおいおは山岳に喩えられる 什和8幎10月18日 公開


    #65 To the pervading characteristics of the men of whom M. de la MazeliÚre writes, let us now address ourselves. I shall begin with Rectitude. 次章ではたず「矩」から始めるずしよう 什和8幎10月18日 公開


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